tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-58647346476157715432024-03-13T01:38:42.483-07:00Selamat Membaca...INSAN SEJATI NABAWAN.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.comBlogger58125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-72016152931052372522017-07-12T19:10:00.004-07:002017-07-12T19:10:56.817-07:00922/3 BAHAGIAN C MULTIMEDIA DALAM SASTERA<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">MULTIMEDIA DALAM SASTERA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kewujudan teknologi maklumat kini menawarkan pelbagai pilihan
kepada masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kini tradisi penyebaran dan penghayatan sastera telah
menerima dimensi baharu, iaitu karya sastera boleh dihayati dalam bentuk
multimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3.1 Pengenalan multimedia dalam sastera<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Multimedia merupakan proses komunikasi berasaskan teknologi
komputer yang menggabungkan penggunaan unsur digital seperti teks, audio,
grafik, animasi dan video untuk meyampaikan maklumat. Multimedia adalah kata
gabungan yang merujuk banyak dan kepelbagaian alat atau perantara komunikasi.
Multimedia juga boleh merujuk kepada penggunaan komputer untuk mencipta,
menyimpan dan menggunakan kandungan multimedia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Oleh itu multimedia telah dijadikan satu medium untuk
menyebarkan maklumat berkaitan dengan sastera yang terdiri dari karya
tradisional dan karya moden.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3.1.1 Konsep<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Multimedia merupakan salah satu medium atau pengantara yang
digunakan untuk menyebarkan karya sastera kepada masyarakat atau khalayak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sastera dalam konteks ini dirujuk sebagai bahan yang akan
digunakan untuk disebarkan melalui medium multimedia. Dengan adanya multimedia,
kefahaman terhadap ilmu kesusasteraan melayu akan dapat difahami dengan mudah
dan berkesan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3.1.2 Fungsi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1. Mempelbagaikan medium sastera.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Selama ini medium sastera mungkin tidak terlibat secara
langsung dengan penggunaan komputer dan elemen multimedia yang lain. Jika ada,
ia hanya setakat berbentuk persembahan semata-mata tetapi bukan diterapkan melalui
pembelajaran formal. Oleh itu multimedia pada kali ini akan lebih akrab
terhadap sastera dan begitulah sebaliknya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2. Memeperjelaskan konsep yang abstrak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dalam kesusasteraan melayu tedapat beberapa konsep yang
abstrak. Sebagai contoh, jika kita ingin menjelaskan gaya bahasa tertentu
seperti personifikasi dan metafora. Mungkin multimedia mampu membantu
menjelaskan gaya bahasa tersebut secara grafik, animasi, audio video dan teks.
Jika ingin menjelaskan gaya bahasa personifikasi dengan menunjukkan daun nyiur
yang melambai-lambai ditiup angin. Mungkin juga boleh melukis gambar hati dan
di dalamnya ada taman bagi menggambarkan metafora "taman hati". Di
situ kita mampu menjelaskan perkara yang nyata dan abstrak sifatnya. Mungkin
pada aspek yang lebih abstrak lagi, bahan-bahan sastera yang sebegitu akan
lebih mudah difahami.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3. Penggunaan pelbagai indera.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kita sering menggunakan pelbagai indera untuk memaham tentang
sesuatu perkara. Oleh itu multimedia mampu menarik perhatian panca indera kita
samada melalui pandangan mata, pendengaran, perasaan dan daya sentuh kita
ketika berinteraksi secara interaktif dengan bahan multimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4. Kesan apresiasi yang lebih mendalam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Secara mudah maksud apresiasi adalah kesan penghayatan
terhadap sesuatu perkara. Dalam konteks sastera, sudah tentu ia merujuk kepada
pelbagai bahan yang ada dalam karya sastera. Oleh itu, multimedia mampu
memberikan kesan apresiasi yang tinggi jika bahan sastera itu divideo, dilukis
dan dianimasikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3.2 Prinsip asas multimedia dalam sastera<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3.2 1 Teks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Teks adalah terdiri dari huruf, simbol, abjad, nombor dan
statistik. Ia menggunakan pelbagai jenis tulisan dan fon. Teks lazim digunakan
dalam multimedia. Warna tulisan dan saiz teks juga memainkan peranan yang
penting dalam persembahan multimedia. Jika elemen multimedia yang lain boleh
digunakan bersama teks dan ia akan menjadi lebih menarik. Umpamanya unsur
animasi boleh digunakan ketika mempersembahkan teks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3.2.2 Grafik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ia merupakan apa-apa sahaja yang berbentuk tulisan, lukisan,
lakaran atau gambar dalam bentuk 2D dan 3D. Kadang-kadang grafik juga boleh
dipersembahkan dalam bentuk histogram mudah, plot graf, carta dan ilustrasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3.2.3 Audio visual<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Audio secara mudah disebut sebagai bunyi-bunyian. Ia
merupakan satu cara yang berkesan untuk menarik perhatian pengguna multimedia.
Kadang-kadang ia berbentuk kesan bunyi yang ringkas akan dapat menarik
perhatian. Malah kesan bunyi akan lebih menarik jika disertakan pula bunyi
muzik dan lagu. Audio juga boleh diambil daripada bunyi alam seperti suara
ombak, bunyi unggas, guruh dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Video pula merupakan cara berkesan bagi menyampaikan maklumat
yang gagal ditangani oleh media lain. Unsur video dalam multimedia membawa satu
perubahan besar di dalam kaedah penyaluran maklumat. Kebanyakan video mampu
membawa unsur menyerupai keadaan sebenar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3.2.4 Animasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Animasi adalah pergerakan bagi sesuatu objek. Animasi dalam
aplikasi multimedia mampu menarik perhatian khalayak (penonton, pembaca dan
pendengar). Animasi sesuatu yang mustahil atau kompleks berlaku dalam kehidupan
sebenar direalisasikan dalam aplikasi tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3.3 Pembinaan papan cerita<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3.3.1 Konsep<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Papan cerita (story board) adalah skrip yang memberikan
panduan iaitu input dan maklumat dalam proses pemindahan dalam bentuk multimedia.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Papan cerita memperinci kandungan dan keperluan yang
diperlukan dalam sesuatu proses pemindahan/persembahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Papan cerita sebagai lakaran grafik, skrin paparan yang
dilihat oleh pengguna bersama dengan maklumat audio, video dan kesan interaktif
pada setiap bingkai (frame).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3.3.2 Fungsi/Tujuan Papan Cerita<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1. Persediaan bahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Papan cerita akan mencatatkan segala keperluan terhadap bahan
multimedia yang akan dibina. Misalnya jika penceritaan memerlukan gambar yang
dilukis, maka catatan di papan cerita akan membantu ingatan pembina multimedia
agar menyediakan lukisan berkenaan. Begitu juga jika memerlukan bahan lain
seperti bahan video, bahan audio dan visual yang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2. Penyediaan instrumen multimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Instrumen multimedia mungkin dicatatkan dalam papan cerita
sebagai bahan yang berkait dengan "hardware" dan
"software". Keperluan instrumen ini bergantung kepada kemampuan pihak
yang akan membina multimedia. Persediaan software seperti powerpoint, movie
maker dan lain-lain adalah perlu. Begitu juga persediaan hardware seperti
kamera, alat imbasanm perakam suara dan lain-lain. Semua instrumen ini akan
dicatat dalam papan cerita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3. Penyediaan keperluan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Keperluan tambahan yang berkait rapat dengan multimedia juga
dicatat di dalam sesebuah papan cerita. Bahan-bahan tersebut akan membantu
meningkatkan kualiti sesebuah multimedia. Umpamanya, jika sesebuah papan cerita
itu memerlukan aktiviti rakaman, maka sebuah studio yang sesuai perlu
disediakan bagi tujuan tersebut. Kadangkala persediaan keperluan lebih lama
berbanding proses mencipta multimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4. Perbelanjaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tidak ada catatan perbelanjaan yang khusus perlu dicatat di
dalam sesebuah papan cerita. Namun segala keperluan yang dicatatkan tentunya
mempunyai kos tertentu. Oleh itu papan cerita akan membantu seseorang pembina
multimedia menganggarkan kadar perbelanjaan yang bakan dikeluarkan. Semakin
canggih rancangan di papan cerita, maka semakin tinggilah perbelanjaan yang
bakal dikeluarkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3.3.3 Format<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1. Tidak bersifat rigid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Papan cerita tidak menetapkan secara khusus formatnya. Apa
yang penting, elemen multimedia yang harus ada dapat dijelaskan di atas lakaran
papan cerita. Bentuk format tersebut adalah bergantung kepada kreativiti
pencipta papan cerita. Semakin banyak rancangan, maka semakin luas ruang yang
perlu disediakan dalam papan cerita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2. Mempunyai maklumat yang dicadangkan sama ada huraian teks,
grafik, animasi atau audio-visual.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Walaupun tidak rigid dari segi format, namun maklumat yang
wajib ada dalam sesebuah papan cerita mesti mengandungi teks, grafik, animasi
dan adio-visual. Setiap elemen ini perlu dijelaskan secara detail agar tidak
menimbulkan kekeliruan ketika proses membina multimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3. Sesebuah lakaran papan cerita terdiri daripada sejumlah
bingkai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Terdapat banyak bingkai dalam sesebuah papan cerita. Setiap
bingkai akan menentukan rancangan aktiviti masing-masing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4. Bingkai tersebut adalah penunjuk sesuatu rincian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Setiap bingkai akan mencatatkan perincian yang dapat
menjelaskan kepada sesiapa sahaja yang membaca papan cerita tersebut. Jika
tiada perincian dibuat, mungkin akan mendatangkan masalah jika proses pembinaan
itu dibuat oleh pihak lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Prosedur papan cerita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1. Perancangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Perancangan awal adalah penting untuk memastikan proses
pembinaan papan cerita tersusun mengikut kronologi dan mengelakkan kecelaruan
ketika perlaksanaan. Namun perancangan ini bersifat fleksibel dan boleh diubah
suai. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2. Perbincangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Perbincangan perlu dilakukan sesama rakan yang hendak membina
multimedia. Aktiviti ini adalah perlu bagi menyelaraskan antara kehendak dalam
perancangan dengan realiti ketika perlaksanaan hendak dibuat. Mungkin ada
perancangan yang perlu diubahsuai kerana faktor kekangan masa, ruang dan kos. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3. Pelaksanaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ia bermaksud melaksanaan pembinaan papan cerita yang sebenar.
Pada hakikatnya penyediaan papan cerita tidaklah terlalu rigid formatnya. Cukup
sekadar mempunyai frame yang sepatutnya. Ada ruang melukiskan lakaran tertentu
dan diterangkan matlamat sesuatu papan cerita yang hendak dibina. Setelah itu
semua aspek yang berkaitan dengan pengisiaan ruang frame papan cerita hendaklah
dilengkapkan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4. Kenalpasti keperluan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Keperluan boleh dilihat dari aspek penyediaan bahan, hardware
dan software. Malah aspek kos juga perlu diambil kira kerana semakin kompleks
rancangan dalam papan cerita maka semakin bertambahlah kos yang akan diambil
kira.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">5. Elemen multimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Elemen multimedia sudah tentu mengambil kira aspek teks,
grafik, animasi dan audio visual. Empat elemen ini pula mempunyai pelbagai
elemen kecil yang lain dan perlu diperincikan kaedah penyediaan dan cara
mendapatkan bahannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3.4 Aplikasi multimedia dalam sastera - prosa dan puisi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3.4.1 Prosa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3.4.2 Puisi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Langkah penyediaan projek multimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1. Mengenalpasti bahan yang akan dimultimediakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2. Menyediakan papan cerita - mengenalpasti multimedia yang
sesuai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3. Pembinaan/penghasilan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4. Pengeditan/pemurnian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">5. Persembahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ciri-ciri penerapan elemen multimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1. Memberi kesan dan daya tarikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kesan dan daya tarikan akan dapat diterapkan melalui beberapa
kaedah seperti kesan bunyi dan kesan cahaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2. Membantu memberikan kefahaman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kefahaman tidak semestinya melalui persembahan bahasa dalam
teks. Ia boleh difahami juga melalui kesan ilustrasi dan gambaran suasana.
Mungkin juga kefahaman boleh dijelaskan dengan berkesan apabila dibantu dengan
audio visual yang berkesan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3. Tidak menimbulkan sesuatu yang bercanggah atau
bertentangan dengan sesuatu konsep.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Percanggahan akan membawa kepada konflik dari sudut pemahaman
maksud tetang sesuatu perkara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4. Mengambil kira elemen sosio-budaya dan sensitiviti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Aspek sosio budaya dan sensitiviti ini perlu diambil kira
semasa memasukkan elemen multimedia. Kadang-kadang simbol-simbol tertentu
sangat sensitif kepada sesetengah penganut agama. Malah kadangkala warna juga
memainkan peranan penting kepada sebilangan masyarakat tertentu. Oleh itu
menjaga hati dan perasaan sebahagian ahli masyarakat juga perlu diambil kira ketika
membina multimedia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-8724302584695675302015-03-10T08:40:00.000-07:002015-03-10T08:40:03.250-07:00CONTOH TAJUK ESEI K.KURSUS KMK 2015<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">GURU-GURU KMK SABAH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">1.SIFAT-SIFAT PENDIDIK DALAM ANTOLOGI SAJAK
USMAN AWANG ( MOHD.HANAFI)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">2.KEPENTINGAN PENDIDIKAN DALAM LIMA SAJAK
PILIHAN (CONNIE)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">3.SUMBANGAN PENDIDIK DALAM PEMBANGUNAN
NEGARA (CONNIE)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">4.PERANAN PENDIDIKAN DALAM PEMBENTUKAN
MODAL INSAN BERDASARKAN 5 BUAH SAJAK PILIHAN.(DANCEY)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">5.FUNGSI PENDIDIKAN DALAM MENJANA KEMAJUAN
MASYARAKAT BERDASARKAN 5 BUAH SAJAK.(AINI)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">6.NILAI PENDIDIKAN DALAM MEMBENTUK SAHSIAH
MASYARAKAT DALAM SAJAK-SAJAK PERMATA SASTERA MELAYU.(FATIMAH)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">7.KESAN PENDIDIKAN DALAM MEMBANGUNKAN MODAL
INSAN MELALUI SAJAK-SAJAK YANG TERDAPAT DALAM MAJALAH DEWAN SASTERA.(NORIDAH)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">8.PERANAN PENDIDIKAN DALAM MENJANA MODAL
INSAN KELAS PERTAMA DALAM
SAJAK…..(DARIAH)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">9.KEPENTINGAN PENDIDIKAN DALAM PEMBANGUNAN
NEGARA DALAM SAJAK….(DARIAH)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">10.KESAN PENDIDIKAN DALAM MELAHIRKAN
MASYARAKAT YANG SEJAHTERA DALAM SAJAK…(DARIAH)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">11.KEPENTINGAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA DALAM
MEMBENTUK SAHSIAH INSAN DALAM SAJAK KOMSAS.(RAHMAH)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">12.PERSEPSI MASYARAKAT TERHADAP GURU YANG
TERGAMBAR DALAM SAJAK PILIHAN.(JUANITA)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">13.ANJAKAN PARADIGMA MASYARAKAT(KESAN)
MELALUI PENDIDIKAN YANG TERGAMBAR DALAM SAJAK PILIHAN (JUANITA)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">14.KEPENTINGAN PENDIDIKAN TERHADAP INDIVIDU
DALAM 5 SAJAK PILIHAN (SABTU)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">15.SUMBANGAN PENDIDIKAN TERHADAP INDIVIDU
BERDASARKAN 5 SAJAK PILIHAN.(SABTU)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">16.TEMA PENDIDIKAN DALAM 5 SAJAK
PILIHAN.(WITER)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">17.KEPENTINGAN PENDIDIKAN DALAM PEMBENTUKAN
JATI DIRI MASYARAKAT DALAM 5 SAJAK PILIHAN( JURIAH)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">18.KEPENTINGAN PENDIDIKAN DALAM SOSIO
EKONOMI MASYARAKAT MENERUSI 5 SAJAK PILIHAN(IPAH)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">19.PERANAN GURU DALAM KECEMERLANGAN
PENDIDIKAN BERDASARKAN SAJAK-SAJAK DALAM TEKS KOMSAS (MAWARNI)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">20.PERANAN ILMU AGAMA DALAM KEHIDUPAN
BERDASARKAN SAJAK-SAJAK YANG TERPILIH. (NORMADIAH)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">21.KEPENTINGAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN DALAM
MELONJAKKAN EKONOMI DAN HUBUNGAN LUAR NEGARA DALAM DALAM SAJAK PILIHAN (
NAZLAN.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">22.UNSUR-UNSUR PENDIDIKAN ALAM SEKITAR YANG
TERDAPAT DALAM SAJAK YANG DIPILIH (HASPIN)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">23.NILAI PENDIDIKAN DALAM MASYARAKAT DALAM
5 BUAH SAJAK.(FLORENCE)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">24.STRATEGI PENDIDIKAN DALAM MELAHIRKAN
MODAL INSAN BERDASARKAN 5 BUAH SAJAK YANG DIPILIH.(NORIATI)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">25.KEPENTINGAN PENDIDIKAN DALAM PEMBANGUNAN
INSAN DALAM SAJAK-SAJAK YANG DIKAJI(MAIMUNAH)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">26.NILAI-NILAI MURNI YANG TERDAPAT DALAM
SAJAK-SAJAK YANG DIKAJI (JABITA)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">27.NILAI-NILAI MURNI SEORANG GURU DALAM
SAJAK YANG DIKAJI (SANTHA)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">28.SIFAT-SIFAT MURNI PENDIDIK DALAM
MELAHIRKAN GENERASI YANG BERMORAL MASA KINI (MILARNI)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">29.PERANAN SEORANG PENDIDIK DALAM
MEMARTABATKAN PENDIDIKAN NEGARA YANG TERDAPAT DALAM 5 BUAH SAJAK (SITI AWA)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">30.PERANAN PENDIDIKAN DALAM MENJANA EKONOMI
MASYARAKAT YANG TERDAPAT DALAM 5 BUAH SAJAK.( SITI AWA)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">31.ISU-ISU PENDIDIKAN DALAM 5 BUAH SAJAK
PILIHAN USMAN AWANG (IDRUS)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">32.PERSOALAN PENDIDIKAN DALAM TEKS PERMATA
SASTERA MELAYU STPM ( IDRUS)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">33.KEPENTINGAN TEKNOLOGI DALAM PENDIDIKAN
DALAM 5 BUAH SAJAK (MOHD ROZLAN)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">34.KEBERKESANAN PENDIDIKANUNTUK MEMBENTUK
MASYARAKAT DALAM SAJAK YANG DIPILIH.(LAUJI)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">35.PERANAN PENDIDIKAN UNTUK MEMBANGUN
INSAN DALAM 5 BUAH SAJAK YANG DIKAJI.
(NAWI)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">36. PERANAN PENDIDIKAN DALAM MENGERATKAN
PERPADUAN DALAM MASYARAKAT BERDASARKAN SAJAK-SAJAK YANG DIKAJI. (ALFEUS)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">37. PERANAN PENDIDIKAN DALAM MEMBENTUK
MODAL INSAN CEMERLANG ( ALBERT)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">38.PERANAN PENDIDIKAN DALAM MENGANGKAT
MARTABAT BANGSA (DULAMID)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">PERSOALAN,UNSUR PENDIDIKAN,MESEJ DAN NILAI
PENDIDIKAN DALAM SAJAK YANG DIPILIH(IZUAN)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">39.UNSUR PENDIDIKAN SEBAGAI PANDUAN HIDUP
YANG TERISI DALAM 5 BUAH SAJAK (IZUAN)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-MY">40 PENDIDIKAN AGAMA DALAM 5 BUAH
SAJAK(ROSIDI)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-7902544917300614212015-03-10T08:22:00.001-07:002015-03-10T08:22:47.422-07:00SINOPSIS NOVEL SAUDAGAR BESAR DARI KUALA LUMPUR<div class="MsoNormal">
Novel ini mengisahkan cita-cita seorang saudagar Melayu
bernama Encik Muhammad bin Idris yang mempunyai rancangan perdagangannya
seperti membuka ladang lada hitam di Johor dan mengusahakan perlombongan di
Lembah Tualang. Dia telah menubuhkan Syarikat Lombong Lembah Tualang dan
berkongsi dengan Datuk Tan. Encik Muhammad merupakan orang Melayu yang berdarah
dagingkan perniagaan sejak dari datuknya iaitu Orangkaya Indera Datuk Muhammad
Saman bin Bendahara Muda sehinggalah ayahnya Orangkaya Indera Datuk Idris.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Keghairahan Encik Muhammad untuk menjayakan lombong yang
dirancangkannya itu diserahkan kepada Sudin untuk menggunakan apa cara
sekalipun walaupun dengan pelbagai muslihat. Dia berpegang kepada prinsip untuk
menundukkan seekor harimau hanya seekor ‘kancil bijak’ sahaja yang
melakukannya. Segala muslihat yang licin dan halus mestilah digunakan untuk
mencapai hasratnya itu. Sementara itu, isteri Encik Muhammad iaitu Cik Puan
Tipah pula bercadang mengusahakan ladang orkid di Jeram Medang.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Encik Muhammad telah berjaya menawan hati Yang Berhormat
Muhd. Yusuf dan abangnya Penghulu Mahmud menyertai hasratnya itu. Sudin pula
memainkan peranannya berselindung di sebalik matlamat mempertingkatkan taraf
hidup penduduk luar bandar dengan memindahkan mereka ke rancangan FELDA.
Walaupun pada mulanya Sudin bermusuh dengan Mat Akil tetapi dia berjaya memujuk
Mat Akil dan rakan-rakannya menyertai misi yang dirancangkan oleh Encik
Muhammad. Sudin masih menyimpan hasrat
untuk membalas dendam terhadap Mat Akil kerana permusuhan mereka merebut Gayah.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sifat tidak jujur Encik Muhammad terhadap orang-orang
Kampung Pulai dapat dihidu oleh Imam Saad, Lebai Maarup serta Rahim. Rahim
anaknya sendiri, Mahani bakal menantunya, Lebai Maarup, orang yang baru pulang
ke kampung setelah sekian lama di perantauan, juga Muhammad Alif, anak buahnya
yang menjadi pensyarah di Universiti Malaya telah menyedari muslihat Encik
Muhammad hendak menyingkirkan orang-orang kampung dari kampung halaman mereka
sendiri. Kesemua watak tersebut menentang Encik Muhammad dengan cara yang
tersendiri.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tuk Empat Dahlan berjaya dibeli dengan pangkat penghulu
manakala Imam Saad dilantik sebagai imam menggantikan imam tua yang
dibersarakan. Encik Muhammad terpaksa pulak berhadapan dengan Tauke Chan. Tauke
Chan menyimpan dendam terhadap Encik Muhammad kerana menggagalkan projek
perumahannya. Dia mengupah Pendekar Omar memusnahkan ladang orkid Cik Puan
Tipah. Akhirnya Pendekar Omar ditangkap polis. Begitu juga nasib Mat Akil,
ditangkap polis kerana mencederakan Lebai Maarup. Sudin berpuas hati kerana
dendamnya terhadap Mat Akil telah terbalas secara tidak langsung.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pada akhir novel ini, Keris Mas meletakkan poetic justicenya
terhadap Encik Muhammad, saudagar besar dari Kuala Lumpur yang tiba-tiba
menjadi kecil dan rebah tersungkur menjelang perlaksanaan projek lombong yang
bermatlamat hanya untuk mengaut keuntungan bersama Datuk Tan. Encik Muhammad
terpaksa tunduk kepada permintaan Lebai Maarup dan Rahim supaya tanah wakaf
daripada Lebai Maarup dan Imam Saad tidak dilombong, sebaliknya didirikan
kompleks bangunan yang dapat menampung keperluan sosial dan agama sebuah
masyarakat Islam.<o:p></o:p></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-68338164269598964132015-03-10T08:14:00.001-07:002015-03-10T08:14:14.380-07:00WATAK-WATAK PEMBESAR NEGERI (sulalatus salatin) <div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">TUN PERAK<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Latar:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nama peribadi Tun Perak. Anak Bendahara Seri W4 Raja.
Saudara lain ialah Tun Kudu dan Tun Perpillh Putih. Mula dilantik sebagai
Bendahara pada zannin pemerintahan Sultan Muzaffar syah. Memegang jawatan
Bendahara di bawoh pemerintahan empat orang sultan iaitu zaman :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .1in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sultan Muzaffar Syah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .1in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sultan Mansur Syah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .1in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sultan Alau'd-Din Riayat Syah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .1in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sultan Mahmud Syah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tun Perak tersingkir dari mendapat jawatan Bendahara
(mengikut adat tradisi) selepas kemangkatan Bendahara Seri Wak raja. Tun Perak
membawa diri ke Kelang,dilantik sebagai penghulu orang Kelang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ketokohan clan kewibawaan Tun Perak terserlah sewaktu
Melaka menghadapi ancaman serangan Siam --> kecerdikan Tun Perak mengusir
ancaman Siam dan menyelesaikan masalah berhubung tuduhan-tuduhan ke atas
dirinya telah menambat hati sultan --> Tun Perak dilantik sebagai Bentara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Konflik dengan Seri Nara Diraja (pegang jawatan
Bendahara). Konflik dapat diselesaikan --> Tun Perak didudukkan ke jawatan
Bendahara setelah Seri Nara Diraja berkahwin dengan Tun Kudu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(i)Sebagai ketua angkatan perang yang berani, cekap
dan pintar.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a. Menewaskan
Siam.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tun Perak bijak mengatur strategi perang untuk
mencapai kejayaan tanpa pertumpahan darah. Contoh ketika Melaka hadapi serangan
Siam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">guna muslihat/tipu helah mengelirukan Siam —> dan
tambat puntung api pada kayu-kayu disepanjang sungai. Kelihatan api begitu
banyak.Sangkaan Siam, angkatan Melaka amat ramai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">b. Mengetuai angkatan menakluki
Pahang.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">erjaya menakluki Pahang. Menawan raja Pahang,dibawa ke Melaka --->
Pahang jadi negeri jajahan takluk Melaka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">c. Menyerang Pasai.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengetuai angkatan Melaka ke Pasai membantu Sultan
Zainal Abidin bagi menyelesaikan masalah perang saudara dan perebutan kuasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">berjaya menabalkan Sultan Zainal Abidin sebagai Raja
Pasai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(ii) Sebagai Pegawai Kanan
Pentadbiran yang cekap menjalankan tugas-tugas mentadbir Melaka.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bendahara Paduka Raja memiliki kepandaian serba boleh;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a. Bijaksana dalam karang mengarang.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengarang surat yang dihantar ke Siam. Isi kandungan
surat terselit unsur diplomasi, maksud mendalam tersirat dalam baris-baris yang
ringkas, pendek clan jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">b. Bijaksana
dalam ilmu firasat dan ramalan.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dapat meramal dengan tepat nasib Tun Mutahir setelah
melihat alamat awal sewaklu Tun Mutahir masih remaja;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"Cahaya dari langit memancar di kepala Tun
Mutahli, cahaya itu hilang dengan cepat. "<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">- </span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ramalan : Tun Mutahir akan jadi
orang besar dan kebesaran melebihi kebesaran Tun Perak, tetapi tidak akan
kekal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(iii) Sebagai Penasihat Sultan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kedudukan Bendahara amat rapat dengan sultan sebelum
sesuatu tindakan dilaksanakan, biasanya sultan mendapatkan nasihat Bendahara
terlebih dahulu. Misalnya, rancangan Sultan Mahmud Syah hendak menyerang Pahang
kerana baginda murka di atas
tindakan raja Pahang mencabar/menghina raja Melaka. Bendahara menasihatkan agar
tidak menyerang Pahang kerana raja Pahang dan raja Melaka mempunyai hubungan
kekeluargaan yang dekat. Nasihat Bendahara diikuti. Melaka bertindak ke atas
Pahang dengan hanya menghantar utusan <sup>I</sup>mengajar' perbuatan raja
Pahang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(iv) Sebagai
seorang pembesar yang 'berkuasa' dalam menentukan perlantikan sultan dan
bertanggungjawab menabalkan sultan menduduki takhta kerajaan.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kedudukan Bendahara amat rapat dengan sultan. Sebelum
sesuatu tindakan dilaksanakan, biasanya sultan mendapatkan nasihat Bendahara
terlebih dahulu. Misalnya, rancangan Sultan Mahmud Syah hendak menyerang Pahang
kerana baginda murka di atas tindakan Raja Pahang mencabar/ menghinan raja
Melaka. (sama seperti diatas) Bendahara menasihatkan agar tidak menyerang
Pahang kerana raja Pahang clan raja Melaka mempunyai hubungan kekeluargaan yang
dekat. (sama seperti ii atas)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">- Nasihat bendahara diikuti. Melaka bertindak ke atas
Pahang dengan hanya menghantar utusan <sup>I</sup>mengajar' perbuatan Pahang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(v) Bendahara sebagai seorang pembesar yang berkuasa dalam menentukan
perlantikkan sultan dan bertanggungjawab menabalkan menduduki takhta kerajaan.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> a. Sebagai pembesar berkuasa dan berwibawa,
Bendahara Paduka Raja mempunyai pengaruh yang besar dalam pemerintahan Melaka.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">- </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Setelah anaknya, Tun Besar
dibunuh oleh Raja Muhammad (dalam episod bermain sepak raga), Bendahara
melafazkan kata-kata, "..tidak akan bertuankan anak raja seorang
ini".<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-<u> </u>Kata putus Bendahara membawa kesan kepada
perlucutan hak Raja Muhammad sebagai pewaris takhta Melaka. Raja Muhammad
tersingkir ke Pahang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">b. Bendahara Paduka Raja melaksanakan wasiat sultan
untuk melantik Sultan Mahmud Syah sebagai pengganti takhta Melaka selepas
kemangkatan Sultan Alau'd-Din Riayat Syah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">- Bendahara berusaha menjaga Sultan Mahmud Syah (masih
kecil) claripacla dibunuh oleh Raja Tua demi melaksanakan wasiat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">- Raja Tua iaitu nenda Sultan Mahmud Syah mahukan Raja
Menawar dilantik sebagai pemerintah Melaka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">- Bendahara tetap mengikut wasiat menabalkan Sultan
Mahmud Syah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(vi) Sebagai seorang pembesar
yang tegas dan setia.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bendahara sangat setia kepada sultan Melaka Setiap
perintah sultan akan dilaksanakan dengan bersungguh-sungguh demi mencapai
kejayaan, seterusnya menaikkan martabal Sultan Melaka. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bendahara mengetuai angkatan Melaka menolong Sultan
Zainal Abidin merebut takhta Pasai. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bendahara tidak teragak-agak bertindak tegis membuat keputusan
enggan membantu Sultan Zainal Abidin bagi kali kedua setelah Sultan Zainal
Abidin enggan menghantar surat sembah ke Melaka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">SERI NARA DIRAJA (TUN ALI) <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tun Ali ialah anak Mani Puriclan bersama isterinya Tun
Ratna Sandari (Puteri Seri Nara Diraja). Adiknya Tun Ratna Wati diperisterikan
oleh Sultan Muhammad Syah –> lahir putera Raja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peristiwa-peristiwa Penglibatan Seri Nara Diraja dalam
Kerajaan Melaka.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(i) Terlibat
campur tangan dalam rampasan kuasa takhta Melaka.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pembesar terpenting (orang kuat) membantu Raja Kasim
dalam rancangan merampas takhta Melaka yang dikuasai oleh Raja Rekan. Rampasan
kuasa berhasil. Tokoh yang memainkan peranan utama menjayakan rancangan
rampasan kuasa ialah Seri Nara Diraja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Seri Nara Diraja sangat berpengaruh terhadap Sultan
Muzaffar Syah --pembesar yang sangat rapat dengan sultan, kata-kata clan
kehendak Seri Nara Diraja dituruti -kesannya menyebabkan Bendahara Seri Wak
Raja terasa tersingkir, tidak dipedulikan –tindakan nekad membunuh diri dengan
minum racun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(ii) Bertindak bertentangan adat kebiasaan amalan di istana Melaka.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jawatan Bendahara sepatutnya diwarisi oleh keturunan bendahara
selepas kematian Benclahara. Seri Wak Raja, sepatutnya diganti oleh Tun Perak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tun Ali telah berjaya mengambil alih kedudukan/
jawatan Bendahara bergelar Bendahara Seri Nara Diraja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">- Tun Perak membawa diri ke Kelang --- dilantik
sebagai penghulu orang-orang Kelang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(III) Terlibat dalam perselisihan dan perpecahan di
kalangan pembesar.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Konflik di kalangan pembesar-pembesar tercetus antara
dua puak-puak yang diketuai oleh Seri Nara Diraja dan puak dari keturunan
Bendahara (Tun Perak).<i>- </i>Puncak konflik Tun Perak terlibat semula dalam istana
--- dilantik sebagai Bentara kemudian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">sebagai Perdana Menteri setelah berjaya mengusir ancaman Siam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perpecahan semakin ketara menyebabkan Sultan Muzaffar
Syah bimbang membawa kesan buruk kepada kerajaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(iv) Seorang pembesar yang
sangat berpengaruh.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Segala kemahuan Seri Nara Diraja diikut oleh Sultan
Muzaffar Syah. Beliau bersedia menyerahkan jawatan Bendahara kepada Tun Perak
setelah berkahwin dengan saudara Tun Perak iaitu Tun Kudu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sultan Muzaffar Syah menceraikan Tun Kudu, yang
dikasihi demi kepentingan keuntuhan pentadbiran Melaka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perkahwinan Seri Nara Diraja dengan Tun Kudii
menamatkan konflik dalaman kerajaan Melaka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(v) Seorang Pembesaryang
bijaksana, berani dan berpandangan jauh.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Seri Nara Diraja berani menentang titah Sultan Mansur
Syah. Beliau tidak melaksanakan tilah menghukum bunuh Hang Tuah. Mengikut
tafsiran Seri Nara Diraja —> hukuman yang dijatuhkan ke atas Hang Tuah
sebagai satu tindakan yang akan merugikan serta membawa kepada penyesalan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Seri Nara Diraja bijaksana dalam melihat kelebihan
Hang Tuah untuk kepentingan Kerajaan Melaka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tindakan Seri Nara Diraja melanggar titah sultan
ternyata memberi suatu kemenangan Tindakan Seri Nara Diraja melanggar titah
sultan ternyata memberi suatu kemenangan --> berjaya membuktikan bahawa Hang
Tuah sangat berguna/menguntungkan istana Melaka —> Hang Tuah yang setia
berjaya menghapuskan Hang Jebat yang membuat huru-hara di Melaka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Seri Nara Diraja beroleh tiga orang anak bersama
isterinya Tun Kudu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">(a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tun Mutahir (kemudian dilantik Bendahara bergelar Bendahara. Seri
Maharaja)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">(b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tun Tahir (dilantik sebagai Penghulu Bendahara bergelar Seri Nara
Diraja)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">(c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tun Senaja (diperisterikan oleh Sultan Alau'dDin Riayat Syah).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">TUN MUTAHIR (BENDAHARA SERI MAHARAJA) <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Latar belakang:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">anak Seri Nara Diraja (5 orang anak semuanya).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Seri Nara Diraja wasiatkan anak-anak dipelihara
Bendahara Paduka Raja. Wasiatkan harta/emas sebanyak 5 buah peti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Saudara lelaki Tun Mutahir ialah Tun Tahir. Bendahara
Paduka Raja pernah membuat ramalan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"Budak ini kelak menjadi Orang Besar- besar.
Danpada hamba pun lebih kebesarannya, tetapi tidak kekal. " <b>(Sulalatus </b></span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Salatin, </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">hlm. 146)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ramalan setelah melihat cahaya turun memancar dari
langit di kepala Tun Mutahir pada suatu subuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bendahara menguji kebolehan Tun Tahir dan Tun Mutahir
dalam perniagaan --> beri pinjam 10 tahil emas tiap Seorang ---) dapat
untung yang banyak barulah harta peninggalan diserahkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tun Mutahir sejak zaman remaja menceburkan dari dalam
perniagaan. Perniagaan sering mendapat keuntungan. <i>('Adapun akan Tun Mutahir
selamaya ia menyuruh mencari itu, tiada pemah rosak, maka ia menyuruh belayar juga.)
</i><b>(Sulalatus Salatin, </b>hlm. 148)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tun Mutahir dilantik menjadi Temenggung, bergelar Seri
Maharaja. Pemerintahan Melaka ialah Sultan Mansur Syah. (saudaranya Tun Tahir
dilantik sebagai Penghulu Bendahara bergelar Seri Nara Diraja. Tun Abdulah
bergelar Seri Nara Wangsa).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tun Mutahir dilantik sebagai Bendahara sewaktu Melaka
diperintah oleh Sultan Mahmud Syah (setelah kematian Bendahara Putih).
Pemilihan Tun Mutahir dibuat oleh bonda Sultan Mahmud Syah daripada Sembilan
orang calon yang disayangi Sultan Mahmud Syah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tun Mutahir bergelar BendaharaSeri Maharaja </span><span style="font-family: Webdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Webdings;">4</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Melaka bertambah
makmur, mashyur di kalangan pedagang-pedagang di Melaka zaman ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">- Tragedi berdarah ---> Bendahara mati dibunuh
Sultan Mahmud Syah. (lihat huraian peristiwa di bawah).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sifat-sifat Tun Mutahir:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Saksama, adil, murah, terlalu
balk budi pekertinya. (Sulalatus Salatin, </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">hlm. 206)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hubungan balk dengan pedagang-
pedagang </span></b><span style="font-family: Webdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Webdings;">4</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> menjaga kebajikan pedagang- pedagang di Melaka hingga namanya
termasyhur di kalangan mereka. Hal ini jelas dari nyanyian saudagar-saudagar;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"Selamat Bendahara Melaka, pisang jarum, air Bukit
China, Bendahara Seri Maharaja. " </span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(Sulalatin Salatin,
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">hlm. 206)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bijaksana dalam berurus niaga </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">–> emas yang diboil pinjam sebanyak 10 tahil diperdagangkan -->
mendalml keuntungan (laba) yang banyak. Begitu juga enum peninggalan ayahnya
dijadikan sebagai modal perniagaan –> beroleh untung yang banyak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dihormati dan disanjung kerana
ketokohan ---> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">bukan sahaja disebabkan oleh beliau seorang pembesar terkenal tetapi kerana keperikemanusiaan mulia
ymig dimilikinya. Misalnya -- jika anak-anak raja datang mengadap, Bendahara
tidak turun menjemput. Manakala anak-anak raja, akan naik duduk di balai
setelah ditunjukkan oleh Bendahara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Berani dan bijak bermain senjata </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">–> dilantik sebagai ketua
Angkatan Perang Melaka membantu Pahang menentang serangan Legor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .2in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.1pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pembesar berwibawa dan sangat berpengaruh. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Contoh:sewaktu raja Kedah di Melaka untuk dinobatkan raja Kedah telah
makan sisa makanan yang dimakan oleh Bendahara. Walaupun Bendahara menegahnya
tetapi raja Kedah memberi alasan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kerana Bendahara orang tua, pangkat bapa<i> kepada
beta. " <b>(S, </b></i><b>Salatin, </b>hlm. 244)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Contoh lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kapitan Mor, ketua angkatan Peringgi sewaktu menyerang
Melaka mengakui bahawa selagi <i>"..ada Bendahara Seri Maharaja, berapa
pun besarnya angkatan Goa mau menyerang, Melaka tidak akan kalah. </i><b>"(Sulalatus
Salatan, </b>him.245)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.1pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Seorang pembesar yang alim, pengetahuan tinggi dalam ilmu Islam. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jelas daripada hubungan rapat dengan alim ulama di Melaka seperti
Mahkdum Sadar Jahan. Bendahara pernah berkunjung ke rumah Makhdum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .2in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.1pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kesetiaan dan ketaatan yang tidak berbelah bagi kepada raja Melaka. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bendahara tidak membantah hukuman bunuh yang dijatuhkan malah melarang
anak buahnya menentang atau melawan. Sebagai seorang pembesar yang sangat
berpengaruh dan sangat kaya, Bendahara boleh menentang titah raja. Lebih-lebih lagi
tuduhan ke atas Bendahara merupakan fitnah sernatainata. Tetapi Bendahara
tidak berbuat demikian, kerana Iii masih tetap berpegang teguh kepada
"daulat dan derhaka" ---> pantang anak Melayu menderhaka kepada
rajanya seperti kata-kata Bendahara,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"Hei, Hassan! Hendak membinasakan nama orang <b>tua-tua
</b>kitakah engkau? Kerana adat Melayu tiada pernah derhaka," </span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(Sulalatus Salatin, </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">hlm. 257)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.1pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tragedi hitam dalam sejarah hidup Bendahara Seri Maharaja.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bendahara mempunyai anak perempuan yang cantik iaitu
Tun Fatimah. Bendahara tidak menunjukkan Tun I atimah terlebih dahulu kepada
raja Melaka Sultan Mahmud sebelum dikahwinkan dengan Tun Ali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Raja Dibaruh pernah mencadangkan kepada Bendahara
supaya Tun Fatimah ditunjukkan kepada raja Melaka kerana;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"..yang istiadat raja Melayu, apabila tiada
beraja perempuan anak Bendaharalah akan jadi Raja Perempuan. </span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"(Sulalatus Salatin, </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">him. 251 )<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">- Tun Mutahir menyedari/sedia memahami adat tersebut
clan sengaja berbuat demikian dengan alasan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"..akan patik ini orang jahat, patut same jahat
juga. </span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"(sulalatus Salatin, </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">hlm. 251)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tindakan Bendahara itu telah mencetuskan dendam di
hati Sultan Mahmud Syah. Pada hari persandingan Tun Fatimah, barulah Sultan
Mahmud Syah mengetahui Bendahara mempunyai seorang puteri yang cantik jelita.
Sultan Mahmud Syah mula menaruh dendam, <i>"...jahatnya Pak Mutahir ini,
demikianlah balk anaknya tiada ditunjukkan kepada kita. " </i><b>(Sulalatus
Salatin, </b>hlm. 251)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Punca fitnah ke etas Bendahara - rentetan peristiwa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">(i)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Raja Mendaliar berdendam kepada
Bendahara kerana die pernah dimalukan di hadapan pembesar-pembesar. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pada suatu hari raya, Bendahara seclang di hadapan orang besar-besar
menantikan raja keluar. Raja Mendaliar terus masuk ke balairung dan terus menyernbah
Bendahara. Bendahara menepis tangan Raja Mendaliar dan memaki hamun Raja
Mendaliar kerana Yang Dipertuan belum lagi menjunjung duli.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .3in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.55pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">(ii)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nina Sura Dewa berdakwa dengan Raja Mendaliar –> kes dibawa kepada
Benclahmo untuk diselesaikan. Oleh kerana hari hampir petang, Bendahara meminta
kedua saudagar itu kembali dan meneruskan perbincangan pada<b> </b>keesokan
harinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .3in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.55pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">(iii)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pada sebelah malamnya Nina Sura Dewana datang ke rumah Bendahara dengan
membawa hadiah sebanyak sebahara emas. Tanya memberitahu niat sebenarnya. Nina
Sura Dewana mempersembahkan kepada Bendahara bahawa emas itu, <i>".akan pembeli sirih pinang. </i><b>(Sulalatus
Salatin, </b>him. 255)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.15pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">(iv)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kedatangan Nina Sura Dewana ke rumah Bendahara ---> diketahui oleh
Kitul ---> bawa berita (fitnah) mengadu kepada Raja Mendaliar. Kitul
berhutang pada Raja Mendaliar sebanyak sekati emas. Kitul memberitahu Raja
Mendaliar bahawa, "Nina Sura Dewana menghadiahkan sebanyak 10 kati emas
kepada Bendahara clan bermuafakat akan membunuh Raja Mendaliar."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .3in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.55pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">(v)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Raja Mendaliar berterima kasih kepada Kitu ldan hutang Kitul dilupuskan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .3in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.55pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">(vi)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Raja Mendaliar terus pergi mendapatkan Laksamana Khoja Hassan –> beri
sogokan emas (sekati emas) supaya Khoja Hassan dapat sampaikan berita (rahsia)
kepada sultan. Berita yang disampaikan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"..Datuk Bendahara hendak derhaka. Orang kaya
persembahkanlah ke bawah Duli Yang Dipertuan, sudah ia berbuat takhta kerajaan,
menempa ciu emas dan kaus emas; kasadnya hendak naik raja dalam negeri Melaka ini."
</span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(Suialatus Salatin, </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">hlm. 256)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .3in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.55pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">(vii)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sultan Mahmud Syah terus menerima berita (fitnah) yang disampaikan
Laksamana Khoja Hassan kerana selama ini Sultan Mahmud Syah memang berdendam
pada Bendahara. Apabila mendengar berita bahawa Bendahara hendak menderhaka,
merupakan suatu peluang ibarat kata,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"..seperti orang mengantuk disorongi bantal;
kerana baginda bersedia menaruh dendam akan Bendahara Seri Maharaja sebab
anaknya TunFatimah itu .. <b>"(Sulalatus </b></span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Salatin, </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">him. 257)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">LAKSAMANA HANG TUAH <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Latar Belakang:</span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Asal keturunan --> anak raja Bajung. Nama asalnya
ialah Daeng Mempawah. Negeri Bajung dari kepulauan Mengkasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gelaran Hang Tuah diberi oleh Sultan Mansur Syah.
Ketika Hang Tuah dibawa ke Melaka, usianya dalam lingkungan 12 tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bijaksana dalam bermain senjata dan ilmu hulubalang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sahabat-sahabat terkenal seramai 8 orang -> Hang
Jebat, Hang Kasturi, Hang Lekir Hang Lekiu, Hang Ali, Hang Iskandar, Hang
Hassan dan Hang Hussin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sifat fizikal - segak, cerdik, perkasa clan tampan
digilai anak-anak dara/perempuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gelaran "Laksamana" anugerah sultan kerana
berjaya mengembari seorang Jawa mengamuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perwatakkan Hang Tuah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(i) Terlibat dalam peperangan;<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Turut bersama dalam angkatan perang Melaka menyerang
dan menakluki negeri- negeri lain (perluasan tanah jajahan dalam mengukuhkan
kebesaran Melaka).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengiringi Bendahara Paduka Raja membantu Sultan
Zainal Abidin dalam perang saudara merebt it takhta Pasai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengiringi PadukaTuan dan Seri Bija Dimlo menentang
angkatan perang Haru yang merosakkan jajahan Pasai dan tanah jajahan Melaka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(ii) Sebagai pengiring dan
pengawal sultan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .15in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengiringi Sultan Mansur Syah dalam rombon(lim Diraja ke Majapahit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">- Tanggungjawab Hang Tuah ---> mengawal keselamatan
sultan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(iii) Sebagai Panglima Mengetuai Angkatan Perang.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hang Tuah mengetuai angkatan perang Melaka menumpaskan
kegiatan lanun yang mengancam keselamatan Melaka - menentang Semerluki (anak
Raja Mengkasar) yang menjalankan kegiatan perlanunan di Tanah Jajahan Melaka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">- Mengetuai angkatan Melaka ke Pahang ---> tujuan
mengajar perbuatan sultan Pahang membunuh Telanai Terengganu tanpa memberitahu
Melaka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">- Mengetuai angkatan ke Siak ---> bertujuan mengajar
perbuatan raja Siak membunuh seorang rakyat Siak tanpa memberitahu Melaka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(v) Seorang 'hamba' raja yang sangat setia.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kesetiaan Hang Tuah kepada sultan Melaka tidak
berbelah bagi. Hang Tuah seorang hulubalang yang amat setia, sanggup melakukan
apa sahaja titah raja dan tanpa membantah atau mengancam keselamatan dirinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tindakan Hang Tuah menunjukkan kesetiaan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .2in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sanggup menentang Hang Jebat demi menjaga martabat raja Melaka. Walaupun
Hang Jebat menderhaka kerana membela "kematiannya"/ membela keadilan
terhadap kezaliman, namun Hang Tuah tetap menganggap tinclakan Hang Jebat
Sebagai penderhakaan -> yang mesti dihapuskan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.4pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kesetiaan Hang Tuah merawat, menjaga keselamatan Sultan Mahmud Syah
ketika baginda mendapat sakit buang-buang air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sanggup masuk ke dalam lubang najis untuk
menyelamatkan kuda kesayangan raja.</span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-54619695409426487342014-07-14T20:07:00.002-07:002014-07-14T20:07:40.149-07:00Penulisan Kreatif<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahagian A: </span></b><i><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penulisan Kreatif</span></i><b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. hasilkan lima bait pantun empat
kerat yang bertemakan budi pada
keluarga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Skema permarkahan</span></i></b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pecahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Isi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Markah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pecahan Markah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Keterangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ciri-ciri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1
isi = 3 markah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3
isi = 9 markah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.
memenuhi tiga ciri pantun <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.
dua ciri wajib dan mana-mana yang lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A1:
4 baris dalam satu bait (wajib)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A2:
Rima akhir sama a/b/a/b (wajib)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A3:
2 baris pembayang / 2 baris maksud<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A4:
8 hingga 12 sukukata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A5:
4 hingga 4 patah perkataan dalam sebaris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tema<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menepati tema<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Persoalan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bertemakan
budi pada keluarga <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C1:
membalas budi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C2:
menghargai / menjunjung budi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C3:
berbudi bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C4:
mengenang budi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C5:
membuat budi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nota:
lain-lain yang sesuai diterima<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">D<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gaya
Bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1
isi = 1 markah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4
isi = 4 markah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mengandungi
empat gaya bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -41.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Aliterasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -41.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asonansi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -41.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Simile<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -41.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metafora<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -41.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pesonifikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -41.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hiperbola<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -41.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Paradoks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -41.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anafora/perulangan kata di awal baris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -41.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Epifora/perulangan kata di akhir baris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">E<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kreativiti<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1 bait = 1
markah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5 bait = 5
markah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">E1:
Tajuk 1 markah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">E2:
Kesinambungan idea<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> 2 markah (keseluruhannya)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> 1 markah (sebahagian)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">E3:
Persoalan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> 2 markah (3 persoalan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> 1 markah (2 persoalan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> 0 markah (1 persoalan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.65in;" valign="top" width="158">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jumlah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-22941976145219573422014-04-20T08:04:00.000-07:002014-04-20T08:04:11.350-07:00NOVEL SBDKL (Penggal 2)<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>PEMBANGUNAN MASYARAKAT</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS">WATAK LEBAI MAARUF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span lang="MS">A. latarbelakang
Pendidikan (Rujuk halaman 329)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS">1.
_________________________________________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS">2.
_________________________________________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">B. Huraikan <b>tiga</b> peranan Lebai
Maaruf mengenai kepentingan pendidikan dalam konteks pembangunan masyarakat
seperti yang tergambar dalam Novel Saudagar Besar Dari Kuala Lumpur. (soalan
klon STPM P2 2013)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="MS">peranan Lebai
Maaruf</span></b><span lang="MS"> mengenai <b>kepentingan pendidikan</b> dalam <b>konteks
pembangunan masyarakat<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Petikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS">Petikan halaman 261<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Fakta 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Huraian/contoh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Petikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS">Petikan halaman 264<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Fakta 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Huraian/contoh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Petikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS">Petikan halaman 333<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Fakta 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Huraian/contoh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Petikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS">Petikan halaman 287<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Fakta 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Huraian/contoh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Petikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS">Petikan halaman 291<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Fakta 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Huraian/contoh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Petikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS">Petikan halaman 341<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Fakta 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Huraian/contoh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Petikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="MS">Petikan halaman 312<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Fakta 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Huraian/contoh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">C. Berdasarkan peranan Lebai Maaruf
dalam (B), kemukakan pandangan anda tentang kepentingan pendidikan itu dalam
konteks pembangunan masyarakat hari ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Keterangan:
Calon dikehendaki mengemukakan isi (<b>pandangan luar teks tetapi mesti ada
kaitan dengan pembangunan masyarakat</b>) yang berkaitan dengan kepentingan
pendidikan dalam konteks pembangunan masyarakat hari ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="MS">Panduan:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Contoh 1:
(Peranan sebagai pendakwah) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS"> Apa yang boleh dilakukan oleh
seorang pendakwah dalam konteks pembangunan masyarakat bagi memberi keterangan tentang kepentingan pendidikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">F1: Menggunakan kemudahan media sosial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">H/C: Pendakwah masa kini perlu peka dengan
perkembangan / ledakan maklumat yang menjadi medium yang sangat sesuai untuk
menyampaikan dakwah secara yang lebih effisyen, seperti laman sosial contohnya
terdapat ramai pendakwah kontemporari yang mempunyai blog, facebook yang
digunakan untuk menyampaikan dakwah. Ternyata kaedah ini mampu menarik
perhatian golongan muda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Arahan:
Berdasarakan panduan yang dikemukakan di atas, kemukakan pandangan anda apakah
yang boleh dilakukanberkaitan pendidikan dalam konteks pembangunan masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Fakta 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS">Huraian/contoh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="510">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
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<span lang="MS">Fakta 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="MS">Huraian/contoh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="MS">Fakta 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="MS">Huraian/contoh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="MS">PENGUKUHAN:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="MS">Aktiviti
Berkumpulan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="MS">Arahan: (a). Bincangkan peranan watak-watak di bawah
mengenai kepentingan pendidikan dalam konteks pembangunan masyarakat seperti
yang tergambar dalam Novel Saudagar Besar Dari Kuala Lumpur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="MS"> (b). Berdasarkan peranan watak-watak dalam (a), kemukakan
pandangan anda tentang kepentingan pendidikan itu dalam konteks pembangunan
masyarakat hari ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="MS">1. Encik Muhammad<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="MS">2. Rahim<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="MS">3. Mahani<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="MS">4. Datuk Tan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="MS">5. Sudin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-33406594308783500892013-07-16T09:06:00.000-07:002013-07-16T09:06:01.067-07:00Pengurusan - Penggal 3<br />
<br />
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">Fungsi Pengurusan</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></u></b>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Maksud dan Kepentingan Pengurusan</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengurusan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merujuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fungsi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proses,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aktiviti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>merancang, <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">mengorganisasi, memimpin, dan mengawal </span></b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">usaha semua ahli organisasi dan menggunakan sumber
organisasi untuk mencapai objektif organisasi yang telah </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ditetapkan dengan cekap dan berkesan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Aktiviti merancang, mengorganisasi, memimpin, dan
mengawal dilakukan oleh </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">pengurus.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 39.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 16.9pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Pengurus mempunyai tugas untuk menyelaras, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">menggembeling, dan
mengawal kerja orang bawahannya untuk mencapai matlamat </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">organisasi.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Pengurusan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>penting<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membantu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>organisasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mencapai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>matlamat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">ditetapkan
melalui perancangan, pengagihan, dan penyelarasan sumber dalam<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">organisasi
secara berkesan dan cekap.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Empat
fungsi pengurusan.</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Fungsi Pengurusan</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Definisi</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Perancangan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Satu proses yang melibatkan pengurus menentukan matlamat yang ingin
dicapai dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menentukan tindakan yang
paling sesuai untuk diambil di semua peringkat organisasi untuk mencapai
matlamat organisasi.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pengorganisasian</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Satu proses yang melibatkan pengurus menyusun dan mengagihkan
sumber-sumber </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">organisasi untuk melaksanakan tugas yang telah ditetapkan agar matlamat
organisasi </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">tercapai.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span></div>
</td>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Kepimpinan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Satu proses yang melibatkan pengurus cuba mempengaruhi gelagat pekerja
agar mereka dapat melaksanakan tugas yang diberikan dengan cekap dan berkesan
untuk mencapai </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">matlamat organisasi.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pengawalan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Satu proses yang melibatkan pengurus memantau prestasi kerja semasa dan
mengambil </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">tindakan untuk memastikan hasil akhir kerja tercapai seperti yang
dijangkakan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> Sepuluh Peranan Pengurus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 2.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; width: 618px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 37.45pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 37.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Kategori</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengurus<span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;"></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 37.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Peranan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 37.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 11.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Aktiviti</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.45pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td rowspan="3" style="background: white; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 37.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Bermaklumat<span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;"></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Pengawas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 11.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Mencari dan mendapat maklumat, mengimbas kertas kerja
dan laporan, serta mengekalkan jaringan peribadi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 34.05pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Penyampai maklumat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 11.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Menyampaikan maklumat kepada orang lain, memberi memo,
dan membuat panggilan telefon</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.35pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Jurucakap</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 11.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Mewakilijabatan/bahagian dalam memberikan ucapan atau
laporan kepada orang luar</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.8pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td rowspan="3" style="background: white; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Antara perorangan<span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;"></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Lambang/ simbol</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 11.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Melakukan upacara simbolik dan sosia! serta menyambut
tetamu</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.35pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Pemimpin</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 11.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Mengarah dan memotivasi, melatih, dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">membimbing serta
menasihati pekerja</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40.8pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Penghubung</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-right: 2.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">Mengekalkan hubungan dan berinteraksi </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">dengan orang lain
sama ada di dalam atau </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">di (uar organisasi untuk mengumpulkan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">maklumat</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40.35pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td rowspan="4" style="background: white; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 40.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pembuatan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">keputusan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Usahawan</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-right: 11.15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Memulakan projek baharu, mengesan peluang-peluang
perniagaan, mengenal </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">pasti bidang perniagaan yang boleh </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">dibangunkan</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40.35pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .7pt; margin-right: 15.85pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center; text-indent: .35pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Penyelesai
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .55pt;">gangguan/
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">masalah</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .7pt; margin-right: 5.4pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: .35pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Mengambil tindakan pembetulan semasa
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">krisis,
menyelesaikan konfliksesama pekerja, serta menyesuaikan diri dengan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">perubahan luaran</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35.85pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .7pt; margin-right: 25.55pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center; text-indent: .35pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pengagih
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">sumber</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-right: 5.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: .35pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Memutuskan siapa mendapat sumber, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">jadual tugas, bajet,
menentukan apa yang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">lebih penting</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40.35pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Perunding</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 4.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: .35pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Mewakilijabatan semasa berunding </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">dengan kesatuan
sekerja, pembekal, dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">mempertahankan kepentingan organisasi</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .85pt;">
<b><u><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;">Perancangan</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 248.15pt; margin-top: 7.55pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">Jenis Perancangan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 248.15pt; margin-top: 7.55pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maksud Perancangan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 19.2pt; margin-left: 40.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Perancangan merujuk pada proses <b>menentukan matlamat </b>dan
<b>memutuskan</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.8pt; margin-left: 17.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tindakan </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">yang paling sesuai
yang perlu diambil untuk mencapai matlamat </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 13.55pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.05pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Secara
khusus, perancangan adalah satu proses formal yang melibatkan aktiviti-<br />
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">aktiviti yang berikut:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 57.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: -17.4pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Menetapkan misi dan matlamat organisasi yang menyeluruh
bagi jangka masa<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">panjang dan pendek<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 57.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: -17.4pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Membentuk matlamat cawangan, jabatan, dan individu
berdasarkan matlamat<br />
organisasi</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 40.55pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Memilih
strategi dan taktik untuk mencapai matlamat<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.45pt; margin-left: 57.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: -17.4pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Mengagihkan sumber (manusia, kewangan, peralatan, dan
kemudahan) untuk<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mencapai
matlamat, strategi, dan taktik organisasi.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Secara ringkas, apabila pengurus merancang sesuatu, dia
perlu tahu apa yang ingin<br />
dicapai dan bagaimana untuk mencapainya dengan cekap dan berkesan pada masa<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tertentu.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kepentingan
Perancangan</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-top: 12.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 13.3pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menyediakan hala tuju</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Perancangan yang disediakan akan menjadi panduan kepada
pengurus tentang<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tugas-tugas
yang perlu dilakukan dalam organisasi dan matlamat yang dikejar<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">oleh
pengurus.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 31.7pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">Perancangan memberikan hala tuju yang jelas kepada
pengurus untuk<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">bertindak
dan bagaimana untuk bertindak.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 31.7pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Ini termasuklah penentuan bila, bagaimana, dan siapa
yang melakukan sesuatu<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tugas.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-top: 6.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 13.3pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Sebagai panduan untuk membuat keputusan</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Perancangan membolehkan pengurus mengurangkan risiko silap
membuat<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">keputusan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.55pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 31.55pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">Perancangan membolehkan pengurus membuat keputusan yang
tepat dan<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">menguntungkan
serta tiada pertindihan tindakan yang berlaku.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.55pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 31.55pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Selain itu, perancangan juga dapat mengelakkan sebarang
penyimpangan<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tindakan
berlaku.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 13.3pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Mengukur prestasi organisasi</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Matlamat yang telah ditetapkan boleh dijadikan sebagai
kayu pengukur untuk<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">menilai
prestasi organisasi dari semasa ke semasa.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.45pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 31.45pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Matlamat yang ditetapkan dapat diukur secara kuantitatif
dan kualitatif untuk<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dijadikan
standard dalam melakukan perbandingan dengan prestasi sebenar.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-top: 6.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 13.3pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Membolehkan kawalan
dilakukan</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">Melalui perancangan, pengurus dapat melihat perbezaan
antara apa yang<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dirancang
dengan apa yang dicapai.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Langkah-langkah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembetulan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diambil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>terhadap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kesilapan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">penyelewengan
yang berlaku.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menyelaras dan
memperuntukkan sumber</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Dengan adanya perancangan, keperluan sumber-sumber untuk
melaksanakan<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tugas-tugas
dapat dirancang dan diagihkan kepada jabatan-jabatan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Jika sumber tidak mencukupi dari segi kualiti dan
kuantiti, tindakan untuk<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">memperolehnya
dapat diselesaikan, supaya agihan sumber dapat dilakukan<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">secara
sempurna.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jenis Perancangan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 17.9pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perancangan dapat dibuat mengikut jangka masa,
kegunaan, dan peringkat<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">perancangan.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 17.9pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Jenis perancangan mengikut <b>jangka masa:</b></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: -17.3pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Rancangan jangka panjang atau <b>rancangan strategik </b>biasanya
meliputi<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tempoh
lima hingga sepuluh tahun. Rancangan ini biasanya dibangunkan dan<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ditentukan
oleh pengurusan atasan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: -17.3pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.6pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Rancangan taktikal </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">dibentuk oleh pengurus pertengahan.
Rancangan ini<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">biasanya
menjangkau tempoh antara satu hingga lima tahun. Rancangan<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">taktikal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>biasanya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menjelaskan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagaimana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rancangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>strategik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dilaksanakan
di tahap jabatan.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.6pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Jenis perancangan mengikut <b>kegunaan:</b></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.55pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Rancangan yang digunakan untuk berulang-ulang kali dalam
organisasi<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">dikenali
sebagai <b>rancangan tersedia. </b>Rancangan tersedia merupakan garis<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">panduan
yang dibangunkan untuk menangani situasi yang sering berlaku<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">dalam
organisasi seperti masalah disiplin pekerja. Rancangan seperti ini</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">berbentuk dasar,
tatacara, dan peraturan.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.55pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 35.05pt; text-indent: -17.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Rancangan kegunaan tunggal </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ialah rancangan yang
digunakan sekali sahaja</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">untuk memenuhi keperluan tertentu atau untuk mencapai
matlamat khusus</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">dalam satu
tempoh waktu yang telah ditetapkan. Contoh rancangan ini ialah<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">belanjawan.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">4 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jenis perancangan mengikut <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">peringkat:<b> </b></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(a) Rancangan strategik</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">(i)
Rancangan strategik ialah rancangan menyeluruh yang menetapkan hala<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tuju yang
penting bagi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>organisasi.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(ii) Rancangan strategik ini
ditetapkan oleh <b>pengurusan peringkat atasan. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">(iii) Rancangan strategik merupakan rancangan jangka panjang organisasi</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tentang cara untuk </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mencapai kelangsungan
organisasi.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(b) Rancangan taktikal</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .45pt;">(i) Rancangan taktikal ialah cara atau langkah yang digunakan untuk</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mencapai strategi yang ditetapkan.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(ii) Rancangan taktikal biasanya
dibentuk oleh <b>pengurusan peringkat </b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">pertengahan </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">bagi </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menterj emahkan rancangan
strategik yang dibangunkan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">oleh pengurusan peringkat atasan. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(iii) Rancangan taktikal perlu
mendokong oleh rancangan strategik agar</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">rancangan strategi yang dibangunkan
terlaksana. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(iv) Rancangan
taktikal lazimnya merupakan rancangan jangka sederhana.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(c) Rancangan operasi</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(i) </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Rancangan operasi ialah pernyataan <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">secara </span>khusus <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">bagi hasil tertentu<i> </i></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">yang perlu dicapai oleh </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pekerja bawahan dalam jangka masa
pendek.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">(ii) Rancangan operasi
dibentuk oleh <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pengurusan peringkat bawahan
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">bagi
menterjemahkan </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rancangan strategik dan rancangan
taktikal </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dibangunkan
oleh pengurusan peringkat atasan dan </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pertengahan</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(iii) Tugas dan tanggungjawab khusus pekerja bawahan mendokong <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">rancanbgan </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">strategik dan </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rancangan taktikal yang telah
dibangunkan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proses
Perancangan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Menentukan matlamat
dan objektif</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Menganalisis
persekitaran</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Membentuk
alternatif tindakan</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Menilai
alternatif</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Memilih
alternatif tindakan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Pengorganisasian </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Maksud Pengorganisasian</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Pengorganisasian bermaksud proses <b>menyusun
</b>dan <b>mengagihkan </b>sumber </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">manusia dan sumber lain untuk melaksanakan
tugas agar matlamat organisasi </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">yang telah ditetapkan tercapai secara cekap dan
berkesan.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kepentingan
Pengorganisasian</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Mengagihkan sumber secara cekap</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.6pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Melalui pengorganisasian, pengurus dapat mengagihkan
sumber sedia ada </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">kepada bahagian-bahagian dalam organisasi mengikut keutamaan demi</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mencapai objektif
organisasi.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.6pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 27.85pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 27.85pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Contohnya, jika sesebuah syarikat perniagaan merupakan
syarikat pemasaran</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">barangan kanak-kanak, maka jabatan pemasaran akan mendapat sumber</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">manusia dan sumber
lain seperti sumber kewangan yang lebih banyak</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">berbanding jabatan kewangan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt;"></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Menentukan bidang tugas jabatan dan setiap pekerja</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.6pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Pengorganisasian penting supaya pengurus dapat menentukan
bidang tugas<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">yang sesuai untuk setiap
jabatan dan setiap pekerja dalam sesebuah jabatan.<b><span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;">(b)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dalam contoh tadi, pengurus perlu mengetahui
bidang tugas dan tanggungjawab</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">setiap pekerja dalam memasarkan barang kanak-kanak
tersebut. Pengurus</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">perlu menetapkan jenis kerja yang sebenarnya yang perlu dilakukan oleh </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">jabatan pemasaran,
jabatan kewangan, jabatan pentadbiran, dan jabatan yang</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">lain.</span><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt;"></span></i></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(c) Hal ini bertujuan untuk mengelakkan
berlakunya sebarang pertindihan kerja </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">dan bagi memastikan setiap pekerja di setiap
jabatan mengetahui dengan jelas </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">kerja yang perlu mereka lakukan.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">(d) Dengan cara ini, objektif dan matlamat
organisasi akan dapat dicapai secara <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">teratur,
cekap, dan berkesan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-top: 6.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menyelaras
antara jabatan</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(a)<b> </b></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Pengorganisasian juga membolehkan pengurus
membuat penyelarasan antara</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jabatan dalam sesebuah </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>organisasi. <i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 10.55pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">(b) Pengurus perlu memastikan bahawa tindakan jabatan pemasaran,
kewangan, dan pentadbiran tidak <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 10.55pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bertindih dan tidak
menyimpang dari matlamat yang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">disasarkan.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.45pt;">(c)</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;">Hal ini bermakna<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sebarang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tindakan dan keputusan
yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dibuat dan<br />
</span>dilaksanakan oleh setiap jabatan haruslah saling melengkapi demi
mencapai<br />
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">matlamat organisasi.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-top: 6.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Membentuk
rantaian arahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.6pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.9pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">(a) Dalam sesebuah
jabatan, pekerja perlu mengetahui rantaian arahan, iaitu </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">kepada siapa mereka
perlu membuat laporan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 12.1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 12.1pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Carta Organisasi</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 16.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 16.9pt; text-indent: -12.7pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Carta organisasi
ialah satu gambar rajah lini yang menunjukkan struktur jabatan/ </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">unit/bahagian utama
dalam organisasi seperti jabatan pembuatan, pemasaran, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">kewangan, pengurusan
sumber manusia, dan inventori.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 16.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 16.9pt; text-indent: -12.7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Carta organisasi juga memerihalkan bagaimana
<b>kerja-kerja yang sepadan dan <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">sesuai
dikelompokkan </span></b><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">ke dalam satu
unit/jabatan/bahagian. Contohnya, di </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">jabatan
pengurusan sumber manusia, aktiviti-aktivitinya adalah seperti
merekrut,membayar gaji, mendisiplinkan staf, dan memberikan latihan kerja.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.1pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 16.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 16.9pt; text-indent: -12.7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Jabatan/unit/bahagian
yang berasingan digambarkan dengan kotak-kotak segi </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">empat yang berasingan
dalam carta organisasi.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 16.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 16.9pt; text-indent: -12.7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">Carta organisasi juga
menunjukkan bagaimana setiap kotak ini dihubungkan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">antara satu sama lain
melalui garisan terus. Garisan terus ini menggambarkan <b>rantaian arahan dari
bawah ke atas </b>dan <b>saluran rasmi komunikasi </b>antara</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">jabatan dalam organisasi.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Maklumat yang dapat
digambarkan dalam carta organisasi:</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 17.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pembahagian
kerja<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Jenis tugas</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 17.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Peringkat
pengurusan<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 17.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Aliran
komunikasi dan rantaian arahan<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 17.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengelompokan
kerja<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Proses Pengorganisasian</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Proses pengumpulan
damn pengelompokan sumber manusia yang sesuai dan aktiviti yang </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">sepadan dan logik
dalam unit kerja untuk mencapai objektif organisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Mengawal dan berkomunikasi secara berkesan dengan staf bawahan.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Penyelarasan antara aktiviti dalam </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">satu-satu unit atau jabatan dapat
dilakukan dengan berkesan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<u><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Penentuan Objektif</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pengurus perlu menentukan objektif bagi setiap jabatan
atau unit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 22.8pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -1.05pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Objektif ditentukan berdasarkan kemampuan dan kebolehan
pekerja dalam </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">setiap jabatan atau unit <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 22.8pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berkenaan
untuk mencapainya.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 22.8pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.55pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">Objektif jabatan juga penting kerana objektif dijadikan
panduan untuk</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">mengenal pasti jenis </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.55pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 22.8pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aktiviti yang
akan dilaksanakan oleh jabatan atau unit</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">berkenaan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.55pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<u><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Mengenal pasti aktiviti</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Apabila objektif
jabatan telah ditentukan, maka langkah yang seterusnya ialah mengenal pasti
aktiviti-aktiviti yang akan mendokong fungsi dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">matlamat serta hala tuju jabatan. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Hal ini penting bagi
memastikan aktiviti-aktiviti yang ditentukan selaras </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dengan fungsi
jabatan dan tidak bertindih dengan jabatan yang lain. Contohnya,
aktiviti-aktiviti bagi pemiagaan perabot ialah menempah perabot </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">daripadapembekal, memberikankhidmatnasihatkepadapelanggan,
menerima bayaran daripada pelanggan, menerima tempahan daripada pelanggan, <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">menghantar perabot kepada pembeli, memasang
perabot, dan merekod jualan </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dan </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">belian.</span></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengelasani aktiviti</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Kemudian, semua aktiviti yang telah dikenal
pasti akan dikelaskan dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">disusun mengikut kemahiran, kecekapan, dan
kriteria-kriteria tertentu. Contohnya, kerja memberikan khidmat nasihat kepada
pelanggan, menerima </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">bayaran
daripada pelanggan, menerima tempahan daripada pelanggan boleh <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dikelaskan di bawah satu kategori.</span></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengelompokan aktiviti</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Setelah aktiviti-aktiviti yang dikenal pasti
dikelaskan mengikut fungsi dansifatnya, aktiviti-aktiviti tersebut perlu
dikelompokkan mengikut unit-unit </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tertentu. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Setiap unit bertanggungjawab terhadap
aktiviti-aktiviti yang dikelaskan dalam </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">kategori tersebut.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">Maka suatu jabatan atau unit akan terbentuk
berdasarkan aktiviti yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">dikelompokkan. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .55pt;">Nama jabatan atau
unit akan diberikan berdasarkan jenis kerja yang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">dipertanggungj awabkan. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Contohnya, Jabatan
Khidmat Pelanggan akan melayan pelanggan dengan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">memberikan khidmat nasihat kepada
pelanggan, menerima tempahan, dan<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">menerima
bayaran daripada pelanggan; manakala Jabatan Penghantaran akan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">bertanggungjawab
untuk kerja penghantaran dan pemasangan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<u><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengagihan tugas,
autoriti, dan tanggungjawab</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Selepas unit-unit tertentu dibentuk, langkah yang
seterusnya ialah menentukan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">bilangan pekerja yang diperlukan di setiap unit, pihak
yang akan melakukan tugas, bidang tugas dan tanggungjawab pekerja, serta
rantaian arahan. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">Pihak pengurusan atasan akan membuat pengagihan tugas-tugas kepada </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">ketua-ketua jabatan
dan memaklum kepada mereka tentang objektif yang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">perlu dicapai. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Pengurus di setiap
jabatan pula akan mengagihkan tugas kepada individu </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">individu yang sesuai
supaya tugas dilaksanakan dengan baik. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Tugas-tugas yang diberikan haruslah berpadanan
dengan kemahiran yang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dimiliki oleh seseorang pekerja. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Contohnya, pekerja
yang mempunyai kemahiran dalam bidang perakaunan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">diberi tugas untuk membuat catatan
lejar berdasarkan dokumen urus niaga. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Seseorang pekerja juga akan diberikan
autoriti, iaitu hak atau kebenaran untuk</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mengambil sesuatu keputusan dan tindakan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Manual Organisasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-top: 6.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 17.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Manual organisasi merujuk kepada dokumen yang berkaitan
dasar dan tatacara</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">yang
meliputi semua aspek pengurusan. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Manual organisasi termasuk fail meja, manual prosedur
kerja, dan prosedur<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">kualiti. <b>Fail
meja </b></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">ialah
dokumen rujukan bagi peringkat individu atau sesuatu </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">jawatan yang</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 35.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">mengandungi
carta organisasi atau jabatan yang menunjukkan <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">kedudukan sesuatu jawatan dalam organisasi atau jabatan berkenaan,
objektif</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">jabatan berkenaan, dan
prosedur kerja yang berkaitan dengan jawatan tersebut. </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Manual prosedur kerja </span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pula merupakan </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">dokumen rujukan utama bagi melakukan sesuatu </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tugas dalam organisasi atau jabatan tertentu. Ia
meliputi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>f</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ungsi dan objektif rasmi organisasi atau jabatan, prosedur-prosedur yang
harus diikuti oleh pekerjaserta senarai p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">egawai dan pekerja yang bertanggungjawab <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">untuk melaksanakan </span>setiap aktiviti.</span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Konsep Pengorganisasian</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Autoriti</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Hak untuk membuat
keputusan </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">dan mengambil tindakan untuk </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">menjalankan sesuatu tugas atau
tanggungjawab.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Hak membuat
keputusan ini ditentukan melalui struktur organisasi yang formal. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Seseorang pengurus mempunyai
autoriti disebabkan oleh kedudukannya dalam </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">struktur organisasi (iaitu jawatan yang
disandangnya).</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Walau bagaimanapun,
hak untuk membuat keputusan dan mengambil tindakan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tertakluk kepada
ruang lingkup yang terhad.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Contohnya, pengurus
sumber manusia mempunyai hak untuk membuat keputusandan bertindak tentang
urusan yang berkaitan dengan sumber manusia, tetapi bukan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">urusan pemasaran
atau kewangan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Tanggungjawab</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Tanggungjawab ialah <b>kewajipan
dan amanah </b>yang diberikan kepada seseorang pekerja disebabkan oleh
kedudukan, fungsi, atau kerjanya. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Oleh itu, tanggungjawab boleh dirujuk sebagai
satu berkas kewajipan yang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dikaitkan dengan satu-satu pekerjaan atau fungsi.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggungjawab wujud apabila seseorang
pekerja menerima satu-satu tugas atau <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pekerjaan
daripada ketuanya atau pengurusnya. </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">Apabila
pengurus mengarahkan seseorang pekerja untuk menjalankan sesuatu </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">tugas, maka pekerja tersebut bertanggungjawab
untuk menjalankan tugas tersebut.</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Akauntabiliti</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Akauntabiliti ialah <b>sikap
bertanggungjawab </b>seseorang kepada pihak yang terlibat </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tentang sebarang
tindakan yang diambil dalam proses pelaksanaan tugasnya dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">sedia untuk
memberikan jawapan terhadap tindakannya kepada pihak yang berhak <b>untuk </b>mendapatkan
penjelasan tersebut.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Hal </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">ini bermakna
akauntabiliti berkaitan dengan jangkaan bahawa seseorang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">individu tertentu
boleh dipersalahkan atau diberikan penghargaan atas hasil kerja yang dicapai.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Seseorang pekerja
yang mempunyai akauntabiliti akan bertanggungjawab penuh ke atas apa yang
dihasilkannya. </span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jika </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">suatu tugas tidak berhasil, maka individu
tidak akan meletakkan kesalahan <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pada bahu
orang lain.</span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pemusatan
dan Pemencaran Autoriti</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Pemusatan
autoriti merujuk kepada tumpuan autoriti di peringkat atasan</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Pemencaran
autoriti merujuk kepada proses membuat keputusan diagihkan kepada semua
peringkat organisasi</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Kepimpinan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; font-variant: small-caps; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kepimpinan</span></u></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">Kepimpinan merupakan satu proses dengan
penguins atau pemimpin cuba </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mempengaruhi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gelagat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pekerja<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>agar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mereka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>melaksanakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tugas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nnggungjawab
yang diberi untuk mencapai objektif dan matlamat organisasi </span><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I </span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang telah ditetapkan.</span></div>
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<u><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Definisi kepimpinan</span></u></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Bermaksudbahawakejayaan seseorang pemimpin
bergantung poda kejayaan pekerja. Apabila pekerja berjaya menghasilkan prestasi
kerja yang baik</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">, maka hal ini bermakna pemimpin tersebut berjaya memimpin dengan baik </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">dan berkesan.</span></div>
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<u><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Kepentingan Kepimpinan</span></u></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Kepimpinan yang baik penting kepada
organisasi kerana pemimpin memulakan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">tindakan dengan mengkomunikasikan dasar dan
rancangan kepada staf </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">bawahan tentang apa yang perlu dilaksanakan demi membantu
organisasi men</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">capai matlamat
yang ditetapkan.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">Kepimpinan yang baik dapat memotivasikan pekerja dengan menggunakan
insen</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kewangan dan bukan kewangan bagi memastikan
pekerja produktif.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Kepimpinan yang baik dapat memberikan tunjuk ajar dan bimbingan kepada </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">pekerja agar mereka
dapat melaksanakan kerja mereka dengan berkesan dan cekap.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">Kepimpinan yang baik dapat membentuk keyakinan
yang tinggi dalam diri </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pekerja meningkatkan semangat pekerja, dan membentuk
persekitaran kerja yang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">baik dan produktif.</span></div>
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Melalui k<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">epimpinan yang baik, penyelarasan
semua aktiviti di setiap jabatan dan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nit
dapat dilakukan dengan baik dan berkesan.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jenis Kuasa Pemimpin</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Kuasa merupakan satu jenis <b>desakan
pengaruh dan autoriti.</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kuasa seseorang
pemimpin terdiri daripada:</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kuasa sah</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kuasa ganjaran</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Kuasa
desakan<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kuasa rujukan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kuasa kepakaran</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Kuasa sah </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">merujuk kepada kuasa
yang ada pada seseorang pemimpin disebabkan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">oleh jawatan yang sah yang disandangnya dalam
organisasi. Contohnya, Ketua</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Pegawai Eksekutif mempunyai kuasa sah terhadap semua
kakitangan dalam</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">organisasi kerana dia mempunyai kuasa sah yang tertinggi dalam
organisasi.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Kuasa ganjaran </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">bermaksud kuasa
pemimpin untuk memberikan ganj aran kepada</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">pekerja atau menarik balik ganjaran yang diberikan kepada pekerja.
Contohnya,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">pemimpin mempengaruhi tindakan dan
gelagat pekerja dengan memberikan</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">bonus.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kuasa desakan </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">atau <b>kuasa ugutan
</b>bermaksud pemimpin menggunakan ugutan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">untuk memaksa pekerja melaksanakan arahan
yang diberikan. Contohnya, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">pemimpin mengugut untuk mengambil tindakan tatatertib
jika pekerja engkar</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">kepada arahan.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Kuasa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rujukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">bermaksud<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pemimpin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjadi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tempat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rujukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">mempengaruhi pekerja melakukan sesuatu perkara
dan mendengar masalah</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">pekerja
serta memberikan dorongan kepada pekerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Kuasa kepakaran </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">digunakan apabila
pemimpin mempunyai kepakaran, ilmu, dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">kemahiran yang tidak dimiliki oleh staf lain.
Contohnya, akauntan kanan boleh</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">menggunakan kemahiran dan kepakaran serta pengalaman yang
ada padanya </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">untuk mempengaruhi tindak tanduk perjalanan sesebuah organisasi.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 211.2pt; margin-top: .1in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Jenis Kepimpinan </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kepimpinan <i>Transactional</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Kepimpinan <i>transactional
</i>menekankan peranan penyeliaan, pengorganisasian,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dan prestasi kerja
pasukan.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kepimpinan <i>transactional
</i>mengandaikan bahawa:</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Pekerja melakukan kerja yang terbaik apabila rantaian
arahan jelas dan pasti.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pekerja dimotivasi oleh ganjaran dan hukuman.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Tujuan utama pekerja ialah mematuhi arahan ketua.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pekerja bawahanperlu diselia dengan ketat bagi
memastikan mereka mencapai apa yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>diharapkan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Dengan kata lain,
pemimpin yang menggunakan jenis kepimpinan ini banyak </span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">bergantung pada
hukuman dan ganjaran bagi memastikan pekerjanya</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">melaksanakan tugas
mereka; </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">pekerja akan menerima ganjaran jika mereka</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">berjaya, tetapi akan menerima hukuman jika mereka gagal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Jenis kepimpinan ini
sesuai dan berkesan dalam situasi apabila masalah tidak </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">terlalu rumit dan boleh diselesaikan
dengan mudah kerana adanya prosedur dan<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">peraturan
yang jelas.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kepimpinan </span></b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Transformational</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">Pemimpin yang
mengamalkan jenis kepimpinan ini merupakan pemimpin<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">yang
menyampaikan visi yang jelas tentang matlamat kumpulan, menunjukkan<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">keghairahan
untuk bekerja, serta mempunyai kebolehan untuk menjadikan pekerja<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">bersemangat
dan bertenaga untuk bekerja.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Dengan kata lain,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pemimpin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i>transformational </i>bukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sahaja <b>memberikan<br />
</b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">tumpuan
kepada proses kerja </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">tetapi juga <b>menekankan kejayaan setiap<br />
</b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">pekerja.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kepimpinan <i>tranformational
</i>mempunyai empat komponen penting:</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">(a)</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Stimulasi intelek</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 37.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">(i)
Pemimpin transformational bukan sahaja mencabar cara kerja sedia ada,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 53.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mereka juga menggalakkan kreativiti pekerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.75pt; margin-right: .25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">(ii) Jenis pemimpin ini menggalakkan
pekerja untuk meneroka kaedah dan cara baharu untuk melakukan kerja serta
mencari peluang baharu untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">belajar dan
memperbaiki diri.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">(b)</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Timbang rasa peribadi</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 37.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">(i) Pemimpin seperti ini memberikan sokongan dan galakan kepada setiap</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 34.8pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 18.95pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">pekerja. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">(ii) Bagi memupuk
hubungan kerja yang baik, pemimpin menggunakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 53.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">pendekatan pintu terbuka agar pekerja boleh berkongsi idea pada bila-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 21.85pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">bila masa. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(iii) Dengan cara
ini, pemimpin dapat mengetahui sumbangan yang diberikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">oleh setiap pekerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;">(c)</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Motivasi berinspirasi</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 37.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">(i) Pemimpin mempunyai visi yang jelas yang boleh disampaikan dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">disuarakan kepada pekerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: .5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">(ii) Pemimpin seperti ini juga dapat
membantu pekerja supaya mempunyai <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">keghairahan
dan motivasi untuk mencapai visi dan matlamat yang </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ditetapkan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">(d)</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Pengaruh idealisme</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 37.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">(i)
Pemimpin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>transformational<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>bertindak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>model<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>contoh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">pekerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: .25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">(ii) Oleh sebab pekerja percaya dan
menghormati pemimpin, maka mereka mencontohi dan mendalami idealisme pemimpin
mereka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kepimpinan
Karismatik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pemimpin yang
karismatik ialah pemimpin yang menyediakan persekitaran yang<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">bertenaga dan pengukuhan yang
positif kepada pekerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.7pt; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pemimpin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>berkarisma<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merupakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>sumber<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>inspirasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pekerja<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">menggalakkan mereka
menunjukkan prestasi terbaik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Dengan kata lain,
kejayaan pekerja banyak bergantung pada pemimpin kerana<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">pemimpin merupakan gam yang
mengikat ahli kumpulan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Jenis kepimpinan
seperti ini sesuai bagi menyelesaikan satu-satu projek berjangka<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">pendek apabila bakat dan tenaga
ahli pasukan adalah elemen yang penting.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">D<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kepimpinan Berwawasan </span></b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">(Visionary)</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: .25pt; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.95pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pemimpin yang berwawasan ialah pemimpin yang
mempunyai visi dan bayangan masa hadapan tentang organisasi yang bakal
dikecapi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-left: 16.8pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 16.8pt; text-indent: -12.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Pemimpin seperti ini
mempunyai daya kreativiti, disiplin, kemahuan, dan cita-cita</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">serta keghairahan
yang tinggi tentang bentuk masa hadapan yang diinginkan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 16.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 16.8pt; text-indent: -12.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pemimpin seperti ini bertindak sebagai
obor kepada semua pekerja agar merekajuga mempunyai perasaan dan keghairahan
yang sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 16.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 16.8pt; text-indent: -12.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Pemimpin memberikan
inspirasi dan harapan kepada semua tentang perubahan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">yang perlu
dilaksanakan pada masa hadapan agar kelangsungan organisasi dapat terus
dikekalkan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 16.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 16.8pt; text-indent: -12.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Bagi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mencapai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>visi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>diimpikan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pemimpin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempunyai <b><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">kebijaksanaan yang tinggi tentang apa yang bakal
berlaku, yang telah </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">berlaku, dan
sedang berlaku.</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 16.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 16.8pt; text-indent: -12.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Dengan menggunakan
kebijaksanaan dan pengetahuan yang ada, pemimpin </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">berwawasan dipercayai dapat membawa organisasi ke arah hala
tuju yang lebih <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">cemerlang.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Gaya Kepimpinan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gaya <b>Kepimpinan Autokratik</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pemimpin yang autokratik merupakan
pemimpin yang membuat keputusan dan <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">bertindak
atas keputusan yang dibuat secara berseorangan; manakala pekerja </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">bawahan tidak terlibat secara langsung dalam
proses membuat keputusan kerana pandangan mereka tidak diambil kira.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pemimpin cuma
memaklumkan pekerja tentang keputusan yang telah dibuat dan pekerja hanya perlu
melaksanakan keputusan yang telah diambil.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Ciri-ciri gaya
kepimpinan autokratik:</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Ketua tidak mendapatkan pandangan daripada pekerja.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Ketua membuat semua keputusan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Ketua mengarah pekerja melakukan tugas tanpa
perbincangan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Ketua menentukan semua kaedah dan proses kerja.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Pekerja jarang dipercayai untuk membuat keputusan atau
melaksanakan tugas </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">yang penting.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Diandaikan bahawa pekerja tidak mempunyai kemahiran dan
kepakaran serta </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">kurang pengetahuan untuk melaksanakan tugas.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Gaya kepimpinan
autokratik sesuai apabila organisasi mengalami krisis kerana </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">dalam situasi
seperti ini, organisasi memerlukan pemimpin yang dapat memberikan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">hala tuju yang jelas
kepada pekerja.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">Organisasi ketenteraan
juga mempunyai gaya kepimpinan autokratik kerana </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">anggota tentera perlu menerima arahan
daripada ketua tanpa bantahan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kelemahan gaya
kepimpinan autokratik:</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pekerja
mungkin tidak berpuas hati akan layanan yang diberikan oleh ketua <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">yang tidak mengendahkan pandangan mereka.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pekerja mungkin kurang kreatif dalam menyelesaikan
masalah dan ini boleh menjejaskan prestasi kerja pekerja.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 12.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gaya Kepimpinan Demokratik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;">Gaya kepimpinan demokratik juga dikenali sebagai <b>gaya
kepimpinan penglibatan.</b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">Pemimpin yang
mempunyai gaya kepimpinan demokratik melibatkan staf </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">bawahan dalam proses
membuat keputusan.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 4.8pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 18.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">Ciri-ciri gaya kepimpinan </span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">demokratik:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Pekerja digalakkan berkongsi idea dan pendapat untuk
membuat keputusan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">bersama walaupun ketua mempunyai kuasa akhir untuk membuat keputusan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Ketua berbincang dengan pekerja untuk mengatasi sesuatu
masalah yang</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">dihadapi.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pekerja akan berasa lebih terlibat dalam proses membuat
keputusan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Diandaikan bahawa pekerja mempunyai kemahiran dan
kepakaran serta </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pengetahuan unutk melakukan sesuatu tugas.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Ketua dan pekerja bersama-sama menentukan semua kaedah
dan proses</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">kerja.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: 18.25pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">Oleh sebab pekerja
digalakkan untuk berkongsi pendapat dan pandangan,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">maka pekerja akan
lebih komited dengan tugas yang diberikan. Hal ini dapat </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">meningkatkan
kreativiti dan produktiviti pekerja.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: 18.25pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Akan tetapi, gaya
kepimpinan demokratik tidak sesuai digunakan jika pekerja </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">yang tidak mempunyai kemahiran untuk
memberikan pandangan dan idea yang <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">bernas.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 12.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gaya <b>Kepimpinan </b><i>Laissez-Faire</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.7pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Gaya kepimpinan <i>laissez-faire </i>juga dikenali
sebagai <b>gaya kepimpinan bebas.</b></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Gaya kepimpinan <i>laissez-faire
</i>berlaku apabila ketua tidak campur tangan dalam </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">urusan pekerja dan
membenarkan staf bawahan untuk membuat keputusan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">sendiri.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Ciri-ciri gaya
kepimpinan </span></b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">laissez-faire'.</span></i><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Ketua tidak memberi bimbingan yang banyak kepada
pekerja.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Ketua<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>memberikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kebebasan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penuh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kepada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pekerja<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>membuat </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">keputusan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Ketua menyediakan peralatan dan sumber yang diperlukan
oleh pekerja untuk </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">melaksanakan tugas mereka.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pekerja
diharap menyelesaikan masalah kerja dengan sendiri tanpa bantuan <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">dan bimbingan.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Diandaikan bahawa pekerja lebih memahami kerja dan tugas
diri mereka.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Gaya kepimpinan <i>laissez-faire
</i>sesuai dan berkesan jika pekerja mempunyai </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">kemahiran, motivasi, dan kebolehan
yang tinggi untuk bekerja sendiri.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Walaupun <b>ketua
tidak campur tangan </b>dalam urusan pekerja dan membiarkan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">mereka membuat
keputusan mereka, namun pekerja masih boleh berjumpa dengan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ketua untuk
mendapatkan bimbingan dan nasihat apabila mereka berasa perlu.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Kelemahan gaya
kepimpinan laissez-faire ialah gaya kepimpinan ini boleh </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">menyebabkan
pelaksanaan dan pencapaian satu-satu tugas tertanggu jika pekerja tidak mahir
dengan apa yang dilakukannya.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 12.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">D<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gaya <b>Kepimpinan Kontingensi</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -12.95pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Gaya kepimpinan
kontigensi merujuk kepada gaya kepimpinan yang disesuaikan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">mengikut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keadaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>situasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>melihat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kepada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>elemen-elemen </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">persekitaran.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -12.95pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Mengikut teori
kontingensi, semua gaya kepimpinan adalah sesuai dan berkesan; walau
bagaimanapun keberkesanan gaya kepimpinan yang digunakan bergantung </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pada keadaan
tertentu.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kejayaan atau
kegagalan sesebuah organisasi bergantung pada gay a kepimpinan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">yang diamalkan, kualiti pengikut, dan
keadaan persekitaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Contohnya, pengurus
menggunakan gaya kepimpinan autokratik apabila organisasi mengalami krisis yang
perlu diperbetulkan dengan segera; dan pada masa yang lain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">menggunakan gaya kepimpinan demokratik
apabila komitmen yang berterusan daripada pekerja diperlukan dan apabila
pekerja mampu memberikan cadangan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">yang bemas untuk menambah baik operasi perniagaan.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pemimpin
dan Pengurus </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Peranan
Pemimpin</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mempengaruhi pengikut</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pemimpin mempengaruhi pekerja-pekerja supaya melakukan
aktiviti-aktiviti dengan semangat berdasarkan kebolehan dan keperibadian
kepimpinan yang <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dimiliki oleh pengurus.</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Memberi motivasi</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pemimpin berperanan untuk memberikan
rangsangan kepada pekerjanya untuk </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">melakukan aktiviti supaya objektif pekerja
dan matlamat organisasi dapat dicapai </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">bersama-sama.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Membina pasukan</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pemimpin berperanan untuk membina pasukan
kerja dalam organisasi dan menggerakkan aktiviti pekerja berdasarkan semangat
kerja berpasukan seperti mewujudkan konsep kerjasama dalam mencapai kejayaan.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Mempunyai wawasan</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pemimpin berperanan untuk membentuk
dan menterjemahkan sesuatu wawasan secara jelas dan disampaikan kepada pekerja
dengan berkesan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Persamaan antara Pemimpin dengan Pengurus</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Mereka mempunyai matlamat yang perlu dicapai. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Mereka menggerakkan dan menggunakan sumber.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mereka
merupakan pengantara atau penghubung antara pekerja dengan pihak </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pengurusan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mereka bergantung
pada pekerja bawahan dan cuba untuk memotivasikan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">mereka.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Pengawalan</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Jenis Kawalan </span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Maksud<b> </b></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Pengawalan</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pengawalan bermaksud
proses <b>pemantauan prestasi </b>dan pengambilan tindakan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">bagi memastikan hasil tercapai seperti
yang dijangkakan.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Pengawalan merupakan
satu proses yang dilakukan secara berterusan ke arah </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">penambahbaikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berterusan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>semua<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aktiviti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kegiatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>organisasi </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">melalui maklumat yang disalurkan oleh
setiap unit atau jabatan dalam sesebuah </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">organisasi.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Pihak pengurusan akan
membandingkan hasil yang diperoleh dengan standard </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">yang telah ditetapkan
semasa perancangan; kemudian memaklumkan hasil </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">perbandingan kepada pihak yang
bertanggungjawab supaya tindakan pembetulan dapat diambil.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Kepentingan Pengawalan</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengawalan <b>membantu organisasi mencapai
matlamat </b>yang telah ditetapkan. <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Pengawalan
juga memastikan semua operasi organisasi berjalan dan dilaksanakan </span>dengan
cekap dan semua sumber digunakan dengan sebaik mungkin.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Pengawalan memastikan
semua projek atau aktiviti yang dirancang berjalan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">seperti yang
diinginkan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengawalan membantu pengurus
<b>mengenal pasti </b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aktiviti yang bermasalah dan mengambil tindakan
pembetulan. </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Dengan kata </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">lain,
pengawalan membantu organisasi menghindari kesilapan lalu.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">Pengawalan membantu
pengurus menyelaras semua aktiviti unit atau jabatan </span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">supaya aktiviti yang
dirancang dapat berjalan dengan lancar. </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Jadi, pengawalan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">merupakan satu bentuk
semakan terhadap prestasi kerja dan hasil kerja serta </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">merupakan satu proses untuk penambahbaikan
berterusan dalam organisasi.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Pengawalan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membantu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sesebuah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>organisasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>mengelakkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebarang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">penyelewengan </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">yang boleh dijangka kerana aktiviti-aktiviti yang
dijalankan akan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dipantau dan diawasi pada pelbagai peringkat.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Jenis Kawalan</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Terdapat dua jenis kawalan, iaitu:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kawalan dalaman</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kawalan luaran</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Kawalan dalaman </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">ialah sistem dalaman yang digunakan oleh
organisasi untuk<br />
memastikan bahawa organisasi berjalan pada landasan yang betul.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Sistem kawalan
dalaman termasuklah:</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Audit
dalaman<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Dasar organisasi</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Prosedur
kerja<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Audit dalaman</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">(a) Audit dalaman dilakukan untuk
menyemak semula perjalanan organisasi </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">dalam tempoh tertentu untuk mengenal pasti
sama ada fungsi perancangan,</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Contohnya, syarikat swasta di Malaysia tertakluk pada
Undang-undang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pekerjaan 1955
dalam mentadbir dan mengurus sumber manusia.<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Menurut Undang-undang Pekerjaan 1955, syarikat perlu
mematuhi siapa yang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">boleh dibenarkan bekerja, tempoh waktu bekerja, kaedah
untuk menamatkan dan memberhentikan pekerja dan seumpamanya.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">Jika syarikat didapati gagal untuk mematuhi mana-mana
peraturan dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">undang-undang
yang ditetapkan, majikan boleh dikenakan hukuman seperti <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">penjara atau membayar denda.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Syarikat yang tidak mematuhi peraturan dan undang-undang
bukan sahaja </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">akan mendapat
hukuman, malah nama baik syarikat akan turut terjejas.<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Proses
Kawalan </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menetapkan
Standard</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">Sebarang rancangan
yang hendak dilaksanakan perlu mempunyai standard </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tertentu.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Standard yang baik
perlulah jelas, spesifik, dapat diukur, dapat dicapai, realistik,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">dan relevan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Standard yang baik
penting agar dapat memberikan gambaran yang jelas tentang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hasil kerja atau prestasi yang perlu dicapai
dalam tempoh masa yang ditetapkan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Standard yang baik
juga memudahkan penilaian dan komunikasi antara pengurus dengan pekerja.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Biasanya
standard semasa akan ditetapkan berdasarkan standard terdahulu.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Untuk menetapkan
standard berdasarkan prestasi yang lalu, dua kaedah boleh </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">digunakan, iaitu standard perbandingan
atau standard kejuruteraan.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Standard perbandingan
melibatkan penetapan standard semasa berdasarkan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">prestasi pihak lain seperti jabatan lain, unit lain, atau
organisasi lain.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Standard kejuruteraan
ialah standard yang ditetapkan secara saintifik melalui </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">kaedah seperti
kajian masa dan gerak.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Standard kejuruteraan biasanya digunakan
untuk menilai hasil kerja yang boleh <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">dianalisis
dengan tepat. Contohnya, penghantaran makanan segera ke rumah dapat </span>diukur
dengan tepat dan segi masa bagi setiap laluan yang diikuti.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mengukur Pencapaian</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">Setelah standard
ditetapkan, langkah yang berikutnya memerlukan pengurus </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mengukur dan menilai
hasil kerja atau prestasi sebenar.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Cara mengukur prestasi sebenar bergantung pada standard
yang telah ditetapkan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Standard yang
berbentuk kuantitatif lebih mudah diukur berbanding dengan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">standard yang
berbentuk kualitatif.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">Contohnya,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seseorang pengurus lebih mudah untuk
mengetahui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sama ada </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">pekerjanya dapat
mencapai jualan sebanyak RM10 000 seminggu berbanding </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">dengan hasil kerja
yang memerlukan pekerja menjaga kesopanan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>semasa </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">berinteraksi dengan pelanggan. Hal ini kerana maksud "menjaga
kesopanan" </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">sukar untuk diukur disebabkan setiap orang mempunyai maksud yang
berlainan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Walau bagaimanapun,
standard yang berbentuk kualitatif masih perlu diukur dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">pengurus perlu mencari alat pengukur yang
sesuai.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Selain cara mengukur, pengurus juga perlu
menentukan kekerapan pengukuran, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">sama ada
prestasi kerja diukur setiap minggu, setiap bulan, setiap tiga bulan atau enam
bulan; dan ini bergantung pada pentingnya matlamat organisasi.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Kekerapan pengukuran
juga bergantung pada kos tindakan pembetulan jika </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">prestasi tidak
mencapai standard. Semakin mahal sesuatu tindakan pembetulan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">yang perlu dilaksanakan, semakin kerap
pengukuran perlu dilakukan.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Membandingkan
Pencapaian dengan Standard</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Langkah seterusnya
ialah membandingkan hasil kerja sebenar dengan standard </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">yang telah
ditetapkan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Langkah ini merupakan
langkah paling penting kerana langkah ini mengukur </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">keberkesanan kawalan
yang diambil.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Perbandingan boleh
dilakukan dengan pelbagai cara seperti:</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Pengurus boleh bergantung pada laporan yang diterima
daripada staf<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bawahan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">yang
bertanggungjawab menyediakan laporan berkenaan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Pengurus juga boleh membuat pemerhatian kendiri untuk
menilai sama ada </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">terdapat sebarang perubahan dalam tahap prestasi pekerja.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Langkah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini juga penting<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menentukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sama<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>terdapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebarang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">penyelewengan atau perbezaan antara hasil
kerja sebenar dengan standard yang<br />
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ditetapkan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.7pt; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Apabila sebarang penyelewengan berlaku, tindakan
pembetulan perlu diambil.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 12.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">D<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Membuat Langkah
Pembetulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Sebelum memutuskan tindakan pembetulan,
pengurus perlu mengetahui bentuk <span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;">penyelewengan
yang berlaku dan sejauh mana tindakan pembetulan perlu </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">diambil.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.95pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Perbezaan yang kecil mungkin tidak memerlukan tindakan
pembetulan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Namun sebelum
tindakan pembetulan diambil, pengurus perlu mengetahui punca </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">penyelewengan
tersebut.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Hal ini bertujuan untuk memastikan
tindakan yang diambil tidak membazir dan <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">berkesan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Contohnya, pekerja
tidak dapat mencapai sasaran jualan yang ditetapkan mungkin </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">bukan kerana pekerja
tersebut malas, tetapi mungkin kerana standard atau sasaran yang ditetapkan
terlalu tinggi dan tidak realistik. Jadi, pengurus perlu melihat dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">menyemak semula
sasaran berkenaan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Sekiranya hasil kerja
yang dicapai menepati sasaran/standard yang ditetapkan, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">pengurus boleh
memikirkan sama ada untuk mengekalkan standard yang sedia </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ada atau
meningkatkan standard pada masa hadapan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Ringkasnya,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>langkah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merupakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>langkah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>penting<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kerana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>langkah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">memberikan maklum balas kepada pengurus tentang apa yang perlu dilakukan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">seterusnya agar
matlamat organisasi tercapai.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 2.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 2.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 2.65pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;">Kaedah Kawalan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 16.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo64; tab-stops: 16.8pt; text-indent: -12.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kawalan perlu
dilakukan secara berterusan kerana sebarang tindakan pembetulan yang diambil
segera boleh menjimatkan kos organisasi.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo64; tab-stops: 16.8pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Terdapat tiga kaedah
kawalan, iaitu:</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Kawalan awalan – Memastikan input memenuhi standard yang
ditetapkan. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh input : tenaga kerja, mesin, bahan
mentah, sumber kewangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kawalan semasa – Memastikan hanya aktiviti-aktiviti yang
betul dilakukan seperti yang telah </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ditetapkan ,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh: Masadan gerak, prosedur, tatacara</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Kawalan selepas – Memastikan output mematuhi
standard<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang telah ditetapkan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh:
Produk, servis, keuntungan, produktiviti</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Alat-alat Kawalan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 6.95pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Analisis
Titik Pulang Modal</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secara
umumnya, fungsi analisis titik pulang modal sebagai alat kawalan ialah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo66; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Mengenal pasti unit minimum yang harus dihasilkan untuk
mendapat pulang<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">modal.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo66; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Mengawal kos pengeluaran agar tidak terlebih belanja.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo66; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Menentukan harga bagi barang yang dikeluarkan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo66; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Merancang pengeluaran untuk mendapat untung yang
disasarkan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bajet</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-top: 5.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fungsi bajet sebagai alat kawalan:</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Merancang pendapatan dan perbelanjaan perniagaan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Mengawal aliran masuk dan keluar sumber kewangan
mengikut keutamaan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Memastikan sumber kewangan yang diperoleh dapat menampung
perbelanjaan<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">yang
dilakukan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">Memastikan sumber kewangan digunakan secara berkesan dan
tidak membazir.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Carta Gantt</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.7pt; margin-left: 4.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 13.7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Fungsi carta Gantt sebagai alat kawalan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.7pt; margin-left: 35.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo68; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: -17.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Memantau kemajuan sesuatu projek dari mula hingga tamat,
iaitu memastikan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">setiap aktiviti disiapkan mengikut tempoh yang telah dirancang.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Mengawal masa penggunaan sumber.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Memastikan setiap aktiviti dalam sesuatu projek
dilakukan mengikut urutan supaya tidak menjejaskan perjalanan aktiviti yang
lain.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"></span></div>
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-48934391400451017892013-07-16T08:49:00.002-07:002013-07-16T08:49:52.216-07:00Pengenalan kepada Pengurusan - Penggal 3<br />
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">Fungsi Pengurusan</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></u></b>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Maksud dan Kepentingan Pengurusan</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengurusan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merujuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fungsi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proses,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aktiviti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>merancang, <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">mengorganisasi, memimpin, dan mengawal </span></b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">usaha semua ahli organisasi dan menggunakan sumber
organisasi untuk mencapai objektif organisasi yang telah </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ditetapkan dengan cekap dan berkesan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Aktiviti merancang, mengorganisasi, memimpin, dan
mengawal dilakukan oleh </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">pengurus.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Pengurus mempunyai tugas untuk menyelaras, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">menggembeling, dan
mengawal kerja orang bawahannya untuk mencapai matlamat </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">organisasi.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Pengurusan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>penting<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membantu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>organisasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mencapai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>matlamat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">ditetapkan
melalui perancangan, pengagihan, dan penyelarasan sumber dalam<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">organisasi
secara berkesan dan cekap.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Empat
fungsi pengurusan.</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Fungsi Pengurusan</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Definisi</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Perancangan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Satu proses yang melibatkan pengurus menentukan matlamat yang ingin
dicapai dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menentukan tindakan yang
paling sesuai untuk diambil di semua peringkat organisasi untuk mencapai
matlamat organisasi.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pengorganisasian</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Satu proses yang melibatkan pengurus menyusun dan mengagihkan
sumber-sumber </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">organisasi untuk melaksanakan tugas yang telah ditetapkan agar matlamat
organisasi </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">tercapai.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Kepimpinan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Satu proses yang melibatkan pengurus cuba mempengaruhi gelagat pekerja
agar mereka dapat melaksanakan tugas yang diberikan dengan cekap dan berkesan
untuk mencapai </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">matlamat organisasi.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pengawalan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Satu proses yang melibatkan pengurus memantau prestasi kerja semasa dan
mengambil </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">tindakan untuk memastikan hasil akhir kerja tercapai seperti yang
dijangkakan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> Sepuluh Peranan Pengurus</span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 2.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; width: 618px;">
<tbody>
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<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 37.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Kategori</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengurus<span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;"></span></span></div>
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<td style="background: white; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 37.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Peranan</span></div>
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<td style="background: white; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 37.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415">
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Aktiviti</span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 37.45pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td rowspan="3" style="background: white; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 37.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Bermaklumat<span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;"></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Pengawas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 11.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Mencari dan mendapat maklumat, mengimbas kertas kerja
dan laporan, serta mengekalkan jaringan peribadi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 34.05pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Penyampai maklumat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 11.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Menyampaikan maklumat kepada orang lain, memberi memo,
dan membuat panggilan telefon</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.35pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Jurucakap</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 11.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Mewakilijabatan/bahagian dalam memberikan ucapan atau
laporan kepada orang luar</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.8pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td rowspan="3" style="background: white; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Antara perorangan<span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;"></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Lambang/ simbol</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 11.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Melakukan upacara simbolik dan sosia! serta menyambut
tetamu</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.35pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Pemimpin</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 11.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Mengarah dan memotivasi, melatih, dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">membimbing serta
menasihati pekerja</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40.8pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Penghubung</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-right: 2.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">Mengekalkan hubungan dan berinteraksi </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">dengan orang lain
sama ada di dalam atau </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">di (uar organisasi untuk mengumpulkan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">maklumat</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40.35pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td rowspan="4" style="background: white; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 40.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pembuatan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">keputusan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Usahawan</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-right: 11.15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Memulakan projek baharu, mengesan peluang-peluang
perniagaan, mengenal </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">pasti bidang perniagaan yang boleh </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">dibangunkan</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40.35pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .7pt; margin-right: 15.85pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center; text-indent: .35pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Penyelesai
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .55pt;">gangguan/
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">masalah</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .7pt; margin-right: 5.4pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: .35pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Mengambil tindakan pembetulan semasa
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">krisis,
menyelesaikan konfliksesama pekerja, serta menyesuaikan diri dengan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">perubahan luaran</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35.85pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .7pt; margin-right: 25.55pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center; text-indent: .35pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pengagih
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">sumber</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-right: 5.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: .35pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Memutuskan siapa mendapat sumber, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">jadual tugas, bajet,
menentukan apa yang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">lebih penting</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40.35pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 76.3pt;" width="102">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Perunding</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 2.0pt 0in 2.0pt; width: 310.9pt;" width="415">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 4.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: .35pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Mewakilijabatan semasa berunding </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">dengan kesatuan
sekerja, pembekal, dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">mempertahankan kepentingan organisasi</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .85pt;">
<b><u><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;">Perancangan</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 248.15pt; margin-top: 7.55pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">Jenis Perancangan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 248.15pt; margin-top: 7.55pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maksud Perancangan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 19.2pt; margin-left: 40.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Perancangan merujuk pada proses <b>menentukan matlamat </b>dan
<b>memutuskan</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.8pt; margin-left: 17.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tindakan </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">yang paling sesuai
yang perlu diambil untuk mencapai matlamat </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 13.55pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.05pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Secara
khusus, perancangan adalah satu proses formal yang melibatkan aktiviti-<br />
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">aktiviti yang berikut:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 57.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: -17.4pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Menetapkan misi dan matlamat organisasi yang menyeluruh
bagi jangka masa<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">panjang dan pendek<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 57.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: -17.4pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Membentuk matlamat cawangan, jabatan, dan individu
berdasarkan matlamat<br />
organisasi</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 40.55pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Memilih
strategi dan taktik untuk mencapai matlamat<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.45pt; margin-left: 57.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: -17.4pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Mengagihkan sumber (manusia, kewangan, peralatan, dan
kemudahan) untuk<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mencapai
matlamat, strategi, dan taktik organisasi.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Secara ringkas, apabila pengurus merancang sesuatu, dia
perlu tahu apa yang ingin<br />
dicapai dan bagaimana untuk mencapainya dengan cekap dan berkesan pada masa<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tertentu.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kepentingan
Perancangan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-top: 12.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 13.3pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menyediakan hala tuju</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Perancangan yang disediakan akan menjadi panduan kepada
pengurus tentang<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tugas-tugas
yang perlu dilakukan dalam organisasi dan matlamat yang dikejar<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">oleh
pengurus.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 31.7pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">Perancangan memberikan hala tuju yang jelas kepada
pengurus untuk<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">bertindak
dan bagaimana untuk bertindak.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 31.7pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Ini termasuklah penentuan bila, bagaimana, dan siapa
yang melakukan sesuatu<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tugas.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-top: 6.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 13.3pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Sebagai panduan untuk membuat keputusan</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.55pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 31.55pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Perancangan membolehkan pengurus mengurangkan risiko silap
membuat<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">keputusan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.55pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 31.55pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">Perancangan membolehkan pengurus membuat keputusan yang
tepat dan<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">menguntungkan
serta tiada pertindihan tindakan yang berlaku.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.55pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 31.55pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Selain itu, perancangan juga dapat mengelakkan sebarang
penyimpangan<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tindakan
berlaku.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 13.3pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Mengukur prestasi organisasi</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.45pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 31.45pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Matlamat yang telah ditetapkan boleh dijadikan sebagai
kayu pengukur untuk<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">menilai
prestasi organisasi dari semasa ke semasa.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.45pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 31.45pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Matlamat yang ditetapkan dapat diukur secara kuantitatif
dan kualitatif untuk<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dijadikan
standard dalam melakukan perbandingan dengan prestasi sebenar.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-top: 6.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 13.3pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Membolehkan kawalan
dilakukan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.2pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 31.2pt; text-indent: -17.4pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">Melalui perancangan, pengurus dapat melihat perbezaan
antara apa yang<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dirancang
dengan apa yang dicapai.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.2pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 31.2pt; text-indent: -17.4pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Langkah-langkah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembetulan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diambil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>terhadap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kesilapan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">penyelewengan
yang berlaku.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-top: 6.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 13.3pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menyelaras dan
memperuntukkan sumber</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 31.3pt; text-indent: -17.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Dengan adanya perancangan, keperluan sumber-sumber untuk
melaksanakan<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tugas-tugas
dapat dirancang dan diagihkan kepada jabatan-jabatan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 31.3pt; text-indent: -17.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Jika sumber tidak mencukupi dari segi kualiti dan
kuantiti, tindakan untuk<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">memperolehnya
dapat diselesaikan, supaya agihan sumber dapat dilakukan<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">secara
sempurna.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jenis Perancangan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 17.9pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perancangan dapat dibuat mengikut jangka masa,
kegunaan, dan peringkat<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">perancangan.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 17.9pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Jenis perancangan mengikut <b>jangka masa:</b></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: -17.3pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Rancangan jangka panjang atau <b>rancangan strategik </b>biasanya
meliputi<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tempoh
lima hingga sepuluh tahun. Rancangan ini biasanya dibangunkan dan<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ditentukan
oleh pengurusan atasan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: -17.3pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.6pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Rancangan taktikal </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">dibentuk oleh pengurus pertengahan.
Rancangan ini<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">biasanya
menjangkau tempoh antara satu hingga lima tahun. Rancangan<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">taktikal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>biasanya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menjelaskan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagaimana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rancangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>strategik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dilaksanakan
di tahap jabatan.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.6pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 17.9pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Jenis perancangan mengikut <b>kegunaan:</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 35.05pt; text-indent: -17.15pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.55pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Rancangan yang digunakan untuk berulang-ulang kali dalam
organisasi<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">dikenali
sebagai <b>rancangan tersedia. </b>Rancangan tersedia merupakan garis<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">panduan
yang dibangunkan untuk menangani situasi yang sering berlaku<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">dalam
organisasi seperti masalah disiplin pekerja. Rancangan seperti ini</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">berbentuk dasar,
tatacara, dan peraturan.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.55pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 35.05pt; text-indent: -17.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Rancangan kegunaan tunggal </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ialah rancangan yang
digunakan sekali sahaja</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">untuk memenuhi keperluan tertentu atau untuk mencapai
matlamat khusus</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">dalam satu
tempoh waktu yang telah ditetapkan. Contoh rancangan ini ialah<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">belanjawan.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.9pt; margin-right: 168.95pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -13.9pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">4 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jenis perancangan mengikut <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">peringkat:<b> </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.9pt; margin-right: 168.95pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -13.9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.9pt; margin-right: 168.95pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -13.9pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(a) Rancangan strategik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 33.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">(i)
Rancangan strategik ialah rancangan menyeluruh yang menetapkan hala<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tuju yang
penting bagi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 33.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>organisasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 27.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(ii) Rancangan strategik ini
ditetapkan oleh <b>pengurusan peringkat atasan. </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 27.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">(iii) Rancangan strategik merupakan rancangan jangka panjang organisasi</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tentang cara untuk </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 27.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mencapai kelangsungan
organisasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 27.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(b) Rancangan taktikal</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 33.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .45pt;">(i) Rancangan taktikal ialah cara atau langkah yang digunakan untuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 49.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mencapai strategi yang ditetapkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(ii) Rancangan taktikal biasanya
dibentuk oleh <b>pengurusan peringkat </b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">pertengahan </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">bagi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menterj emahkan rancangan
strategik yang dibangunkan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">oleh pengurusan peringkat atasan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(iii) Rancangan taktikal perlu
mendokong oleh rancangan strategik agar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 27.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">rancangan strategi yang dibangunkan
terlaksana. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(iv) Rancangan
taktikal lazimnya merupakan rancangan jangka sederhana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(c) Rancangan operasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -14.95pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(i) </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Rancangan operasi ialah pernyataan <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">secara </span>khusus <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">bagi hasil tertentu<i> </i></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">yang perlu dicapai oleh </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -14.95pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pekerja bawahan dalam jangka masa
pendek.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -14.95pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">(ii) Rancangan operasi
dibentuk oleh <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pengurusan peringkat bawahan
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">bagi
menterjemahkan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -14.95pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rancangan strategik dan rancangan
taktikal </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dibangunkan
oleh pengurusan peringkat atasan dan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -14.95pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pertengahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -14.95pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(iii) Tugas dan tanggungjawab khusus pekerja bawahan mendokong <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">rancanbgan </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">strategik dan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -14.95pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rancangan taktikal yang telah
dibangunkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proses
Perancangan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Menentukan matlamat
dan objektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Menganalisis
persekitaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Membentuk
alternatif tindakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Menilai
alternatif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Memilih
alternatif tindakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.05pt; margin-right: 207.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Pengorganisasian </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.9pt; margin-right: 207.35pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Maksud Pengorganisasian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.1pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 10.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Pengorganisasian bermaksud proses <b>menyusun
</b>dan <b>mengagihkan </b>sumber </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">manusia dan sumber lain untuk melaksanakan
tugas agar matlamat organisasi </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">yang telah ditetapkan tercapai secara cekap dan
berkesan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 11.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 11.75pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kepentingan
Pengorganisasian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .15in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Mengagihkan sumber secara cekap</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 27.85pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 27.85pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.6pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Melalui pengorganisasian, pengurus dapat mengagihkan
sumber sedia ada </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">kepada bahagian-bahagian dalam organisasi mengikut keutamaan demi</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mencapai objektif
organisasi.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.6pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 27.85pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 27.85pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Contohnya, jika sesebuah syarikat perniagaan merupakan
syarikat pemasaran</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">barangan kanak-kanak, maka jabatan pemasaran akan mendapat sumber</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">manusia dan sumber
lain seperti sumber kewangan yang lebih banyak</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">berbanding jabatan kewangan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Menentukan bidang tugas jabatan dan setiap pekerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -16.3pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.6pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Pengorganisasian penting supaya pengurus dapat menentukan
bidang tugas<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">yang sesuai untuk setiap
jabatan dan setiap pekerja dalam sesebuah jabatan.<b><span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -16.3pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;">(b)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dalam contoh tadi, pengurus perlu mengetahui
bidang tugas dan tanggungjawab</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">setiap pekerja dalam memasarkan barang kanak-kanak
tersebut. Pengurus</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">perlu menetapkan jenis kerja yang sebenarnya yang perlu dilakukan oleh </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">jabatan pemasaran,
jabatan kewangan, jabatan pentadbiran, dan jabatan yang</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">lain.</span><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.7pt; margin-right: .85pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.4pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(c) Hal ini bertujuan untuk mengelakkan
berlakunya sebarang pertindihan kerja </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">dan bagi memastikan setiap pekerja di setiap
jabatan mengetahui dengan jelas </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">kerja yang perlu mereka lakukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.7pt; margin-right: .85pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.3pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">(d) Dengan cara ini, objektif dan matlamat
organisasi akan dapat dicapai secara <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">teratur,
cekap, dan berkesan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-top: 6.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menyelaras
antara jabatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 10.55pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(a)<b> </b></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Pengorganisasian juga membolehkan pengurus
membuat penyelarasan antara</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jabatan dalam sesebuah </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 10.55pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>organisasi. <i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 10.55pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">(b) Pengurus perlu memastikan bahawa tindakan jabatan pemasaran,
kewangan, dan pentadbiran tidak <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 10.55pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bertindih dan tidak
menyimpang dari matlamat yang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">disasarkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -16.3pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.45pt;">(c)</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;">Hal ini bermakna<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sebarang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tindakan dan keputusan
yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dibuat dan<br />
</span>dilaksanakan oleh setiap jabatan haruslah saling melengkapi demi
mencapai<br />
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">matlamat organisasi.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-top: 6.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Membentuk
rantaian arahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.6pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.9pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">(a) Dalam sesebuah
jabatan, pekerja perlu mengetahui rantaian arahan, iaitu </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">kepada siapa mereka
perlu membuat laporan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 12.1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 12.1pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Carta Organisasi</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 16.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 16.9pt; text-indent: -12.7pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Carta organisasi
ialah satu gambar rajah lini yang menunjukkan struktur jabatan/ </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">unit/bahagian utama
dalam organisasi seperti jabatan pembuatan, pemasaran, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">kewangan, pengurusan
sumber manusia, dan inventori.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 16.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 16.9pt; text-indent: -12.7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Carta organisasi juga memerihalkan bagaimana
<b>kerja-kerja yang sepadan dan <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">sesuai
dikelompokkan </span></b><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">ke dalam satu
unit/jabatan/bahagian. Contohnya, di </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">jabatan
pengurusan sumber manusia, aktiviti-aktivitinya adalah seperti
merekrut,membayar gaji, mendisiplinkan staf, dan memberikan latihan kerja.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.1pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 16.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 16.9pt; text-indent: -12.7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Jabatan/unit/bahagian
yang berasingan digambarkan dengan kotak-kotak segi </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">empat yang berasingan
dalam carta organisasi.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 16.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 16.9pt; text-indent: -12.7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">Carta organisasi juga
menunjukkan bagaimana setiap kotak ini dihubungkan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">antara satu sama lain
melalui garisan terus. Garisan terus ini menggambarkan <b>rantaian arahan dari
bawah ke atas </b>dan <b>saluran rasmi komunikasi </b>antara</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">jabatan dalam organisasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 16.9pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Maklumat yang dapat
digambarkan dalam carta organisasi:</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 17.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pembahagian
kerja<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 17.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Jenis tugas</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 17.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Peringkat
pengurusan<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 17.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Aliran
komunikasi dan rantaian arahan<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 17.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengelompokan
kerja<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Proses Pengorganisasian</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Proses pengumpulan
damn pengelompokan sumber manusia yang sesuai dan aktiviti yang </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">sepadan dan logik
dalam unit kerja untuk mencapai objektif organisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Mengawal dan berkomunikasi secara berkesan dengan staf bawahan.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Penyelarasan antara aktiviti dalam </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">satu-satu unit atau jabatan dapat
dilakukan dengan berkesan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 23.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<u><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Penentuan Objektif</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pengurus perlu menentukan objektif bagi setiap jabatan
atau unit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 22.8pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -1.05pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Objektif ditentukan berdasarkan kemampuan dan kebolehan
pekerja dalam </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">setiap jabatan atau unit <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 22.8pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berkenaan
untuk mencapainya.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 22.8pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.55pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">Objektif jabatan juga penting kerana objektif dijadikan
panduan untuk</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">mengenal pasti jenis </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.55pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 22.8pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aktiviti yang
akan dilaksanakan oleh jabatan atau unit</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">berkenaan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.55pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<u><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Mengenal pasti aktiviti</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Apabila objektif
jabatan telah ditentukan, maka langkah yang seterusnya ialah mengenal pasti
aktiviti-aktiviti yang akan mendokong fungsi dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">matlamat serta hala tuju jabatan. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Hal ini penting bagi
memastikan aktiviti-aktiviti yang ditentukan selaras </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dengan fungsi
jabatan dan tidak bertindih dengan jabatan yang lain. Contohnya,
aktiviti-aktiviti bagi pemiagaan perabot ialah menempah perabot </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">daripadapembekal, memberikankhidmatnasihatkepadapelanggan,
menerima bayaran daripada pelanggan, menerima tempahan daripada pelanggan, <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">menghantar perabot kepada pembeli, memasang
perabot, dan merekod jualan </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dan </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">belian.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<u><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengelasani aktiviti</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Kemudian, semua aktiviti yang telah dikenal
pasti akan dikelaskan dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">disusun mengikut kemahiran, kecekapan, dan
kriteria-kriteria tertentu. Contohnya, kerja memberikan khidmat nasihat kepada
pelanggan, menerima </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">bayaran
daripada pelanggan, menerima tempahan daripada pelanggan boleh <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dikelaskan di bawah satu kategori.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<u><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengelompokan aktiviti</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Setelah aktiviti-aktiviti yang dikenal pasti
dikelaskan mengikut fungsi dansifatnya, aktiviti-aktiviti tersebut perlu
dikelompokkan mengikut unit-unit </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tertentu. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Setiap unit bertanggungjawab terhadap
aktiviti-aktiviti yang dikelaskan dalam </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">kategori tersebut.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">Maka suatu jabatan atau unit akan terbentuk
berdasarkan aktiviti yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">dikelompokkan. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .55pt;">Nama jabatan atau
unit akan diberikan berdasarkan jenis kerja yang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">dipertanggungj awabkan. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Contohnya, Jabatan
Khidmat Pelanggan akan melayan pelanggan dengan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">memberikan khidmat nasihat kepada
pelanggan, menerima tempahan, dan<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">menerima
bayaran daripada pelanggan; manakala Jabatan Penghantaran akan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">bertanggungjawab
untuk kerja penghantaran dan pemasangan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<u><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengagihan tugas,
autoriti, dan tanggungjawab</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Selepas unit-unit tertentu dibentuk, langkah yang
seterusnya ialah menentukan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">bilangan pekerja yang diperlukan di setiap unit, pihak
yang akan melakukan tugas, bidang tugas dan tanggungjawab pekerja, serta
rantaian arahan. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">Pihak pengurusan atasan akan membuat pengagihan tugas-tugas kepada </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">ketua-ketua jabatan
dan memaklum kepada mereka tentang objektif yang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">perlu dicapai. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Pengurus di setiap
jabatan pula akan mengagihkan tugas kepada individu </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">individu yang sesuai
supaya tugas dilaksanakan dengan baik. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Tugas-tugas yang diberikan haruslah berpadanan
dengan kemahiran yang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dimiliki oleh seseorang pekerja. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Contohnya, pekerja
yang mempunyai kemahiran dalam bidang perakaunan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">diberi tugas untuk membuat catatan
lejar berdasarkan dokumen urus niaga. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Seseorang pekerja juga akan diberikan
autoriti, iaitu hak atau kebenaran untuk</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mengambil sesuatu keputusan dan tindakan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Manual Organisasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-top: 6.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 17.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Manual organisasi merujuk kepada dokumen yang berkaitan
dasar dan tatacara</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">yang
meliputi semua aspek pengurusan. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Manual organisasi termasuk fail meja, manual prosedur
kerja, dan prosedur<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">kualiti. <b>Fail
meja </b></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">ialah
dokumen rujukan bagi peringkat individu atau sesuatu </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">jawatan yang</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 35.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">mengandungi
carta organisasi atau jabatan yang menunjukkan <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">kedudukan sesuatu jawatan dalam organisasi atau jabatan berkenaan,
objektif</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">jabatan berkenaan, dan
prosedur kerja yang berkaitan dengan jawatan tersebut. </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Manual prosedur kerja </span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pula merupakan </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">dokumen rujukan utama bagi melakukan sesuatu </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tugas dalam organisasi atau jabatan tertentu. Ia
meliputi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>f</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ungsi dan objektif rasmi organisasi atau jabatan, prosedur-prosedur yang
harus diikuti oleh pekerjaserta senarai p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">egawai dan pekerja yang bertanggungjawab <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">untuk melaksanakan </span>setiap aktiviti.</span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Konsep Pengorganisasian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .1pt; margin-right: 206.4pt; margin-top: 7.45pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Autoriti</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 17.65pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Hak untuk membuat
keputusan </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">dan mengambil tindakan untuk </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">menjalankan sesuatu tugas atau
tanggungjawab.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 17.65pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Hak membuat
keputusan ini ditentukan melalui struktur organisasi yang formal. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Seseorang pengurus mempunyai
autoriti disebabkan oleh kedudukannya dalam </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">struktur organisasi (iaitu jawatan yang
disandangnya).</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Walau bagaimanapun,
hak untuk membuat keputusan dan mengambil tindakan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tertakluk kepada
ruang lingkup yang terhad.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Contohnya, pengurus
sumber manusia mempunyai hak untuk membuat keputusandan bertindak tentang
urusan yang berkaitan dengan sumber manusia, tetapi bukan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">urusan pemasaran
atau kewangan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Tanggungjawab</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Tanggungjawab ialah <b>kewajipan
dan amanah </b>yang diberikan kepada seseorang pekerja disebabkan oleh
kedudukan, fungsi, atau kerjanya. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Oleh itu, tanggungjawab boleh dirujuk sebagai
satu berkas kewajipan yang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dikaitkan dengan satu-satu pekerjaan atau fungsi.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.1pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.3pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggungjawab wujud apabila seseorang
pekerja menerima satu-satu tugas atau <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pekerjaan
daripada ketuanya atau pengurusnya. </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">Apabila
pengurus mengarahkan seseorang pekerja untuk menjalankan sesuatu </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">tugas, maka pekerja tersebut bertanggungjawab
untuk menjalankan tugas tersebut.</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Akauntabiliti</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Akauntabiliti ialah <b>sikap
bertanggungjawab </b>seseorang kepada pihak yang terlibat </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tentang sebarang
tindakan yang diambil dalam proses pelaksanaan tugasnya dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">sedia untuk
memberikan jawapan terhadap tindakannya kepada pihak yang berhak <b>untuk </b>mendapatkan
penjelasan tersebut.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Hal </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">ini bermakna
akauntabiliti berkaitan dengan jangkaan bahawa seseorang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">individu tertentu
boleh dipersalahkan atau diberikan penghargaan atas hasil kerja yang dicapai.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Seseorang pekerja
yang mempunyai akauntabiliti akan bertanggungjawab penuh ke atas apa yang
dihasilkannya. </span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jika </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">suatu tugas tidak berhasil, maka individu
tidak akan meletakkan kesalahan <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pada bahu
orang lain.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-top: 6.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 17.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pemusatan
dan Pemencaran Autoriti</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Pemusatan
autoriti merujuk kepada tumpuan autoriti di peringkat atasan</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Pemencaran
autoriti merujuk kepada proses membuat keputusan diagihkan kepada semua
peringkat organisasi</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Kepimpinan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; font-variant: small-caps; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kepimpinan</span></u></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">Kepimpinan merupakan satu proses dengan
penguins atau pemimpin cuba </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mempengaruhi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gelagat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pekerja<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>agar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mereka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>melaksanakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tugas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nnggungjawab
yang diberi untuk mencapai objektif dan matlamat organisasi </span><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I </span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang telah ditetapkan.</span></div>
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<u><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Definisi kepimpinan</span></u></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Bermaksudbahawakejayaan seseorang pemimpin
bergantung poda kejayaan pekerja. Apabila pekerja berjaya menghasilkan prestasi
kerja yang baik</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">, maka hal ini bermakna pemimpin tersebut berjaya memimpin dengan baik </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">dan berkesan.</span></div>
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<u><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Kepentingan Kepimpinan</span></u></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Kepimpinan yang baik penting kepada
organisasi kerana pemimpin memulakan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">tindakan dengan mengkomunikasikan dasar dan
rancangan kepada staf </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">bawahan tentang apa yang perlu dilaksanakan demi membantu
organisasi men</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">capai matlamat
yang ditetapkan.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">Kepimpinan yang baik dapat memotivasikan pekerja dengan menggunakan
insen</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kewangan dan bukan kewangan bagi memastikan
pekerja produktif.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Kepimpinan yang baik dapat memberikan tunjuk ajar dan bimbingan kepada </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">pekerja agar mereka
dapat melaksanakan kerja mereka dengan berkesan dan cekap.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">Kepimpinan yang baik dapat membentuk keyakinan
yang tinggi dalam diri </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pekerja meningkatkan semangat pekerja, dan membentuk
persekitaran kerja yang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">baik dan produktif.</span></div>
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Melalui k<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">epimpinan yang baik, penyelarasan
semua aktiviti di setiap jabatan dan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nit
dapat dilakukan dengan baik dan berkesan.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jenis Kuasa Pemimpin</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Kuasa merupakan satu jenis <b>desakan
pengaruh dan autoriti.</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kuasa seseorang
pemimpin terdiri daripada:</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kuasa sah</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kuasa ganjaran</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Kuasa
desakan<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kuasa rujukan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kuasa kepakaran</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Kuasa sah </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">merujuk kepada kuasa
yang ada pada seseorang pemimpin disebabkan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">oleh jawatan yang sah yang disandangnya dalam
organisasi. Contohnya, Ketua</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Pegawai Eksekutif mempunyai kuasa sah terhadap semua
kakitangan dalam</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">organisasi kerana dia mempunyai kuasa sah yang tertinggi dalam
organisasi.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Kuasa ganjaran </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">bermaksud kuasa
pemimpin untuk memberikan ganj aran kepada</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">pekerja atau menarik balik ganjaran yang diberikan kepada pekerja.
Contohnya,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">pemimpin mempengaruhi tindakan dan
gelagat pekerja dengan memberikan</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">bonus.</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kuasa desakan </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">atau <b>kuasa ugutan
</b>bermaksud pemimpin menggunakan ugutan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">untuk memaksa pekerja melaksanakan arahan
yang diberikan. Contohnya, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">pemimpin mengugut untuk mengambil tindakan tatatertib
jika pekerja engkar</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">kepada arahan.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Kuasa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rujukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">bermaksud<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pemimpin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjadi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tempat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rujukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">mempengaruhi pekerja melakukan sesuatu perkara
dan mendengar masalah</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">pekerja
serta memberikan dorongan kepada pekerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Kuasa kepakaran </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">digunakan apabila
pemimpin mempunyai kepakaran, ilmu, dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">kemahiran yang tidak dimiliki oleh staf lain.
Contohnya, akauntan kanan boleh</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">menggunakan kemahiran dan kepakaran serta pengalaman yang
ada padanya </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">untuk mempengaruhi tindak tanduk perjalanan sesebuah organisasi.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 211.2pt; margin-top: .1in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Jenis Kepimpinan </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kepimpinan <i>Transactional</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Kepimpinan <i>transactional
</i>menekankan peranan penyeliaan, pengorganisasian,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dan prestasi kerja
pasukan.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kepimpinan <i>transactional
</i>mengandaikan bahawa:</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Pekerja melakukan kerja yang terbaik apabila rantaian
arahan jelas dan pasti.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pekerja dimotivasi oleh ganjaran dan hukuman.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Tujuan utama pekerja ialah mematuhi arahan ketua.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pekerja bawahanperlu diselia dengan ketat bagi
memastikan mereka mencapai apa yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>diharapkan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Dengan kata lain,
pemimpin yang menggunakan jenis kepimpinan ini banyak </span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">bergantung pada
hukuman dan ganjaran bagi memastikan pekerjanya</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">melaksanakan tugas
mereka; </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">pekerja akan menerima ganjaran jika mereka</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">berjaya, tetapi akan menerima hukuman jika mereka gagal.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Jenis kepimpinan ini
sesuai dan berkesan dalam situasi apabila masalah tidak </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">terlalu rumit dan boleh diselesaikan
dengan mudah kerana adanya prosedur dan<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">peraturan
yang jelas.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kepimpinan </span></b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Transformational</span></i></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">Pemimpin yang
mengamalkan jenis kepimpinan ini merupakan pemimpin<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">yang
menyampaikan visi yang jelas tentang matlamat kumpulan, menunjukkan<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">keghairahan
untuk bekerja, serta mempunyai kebolehan untuk menjadikan pekerja<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">bersemangat
dan bertenaga untuk bekerja.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Dengan kata lain,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pemimpin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i>transformational </i>bukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sahaja <b>memberikan<br />
</b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">tumpuan
kepada proses kerja </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">tetapi juga <b>menekankan kejayaan setiap<br />
</b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">pekerja.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kepimpinan <i>tranformational
</i>mempunyai empat komponen penting:</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">(a)</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Stimulasi intelek</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 37.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">(i)
Pemimpin transformational bukan sahaja mencabar cara kerja sedia ada,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 53.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mereka juga menggalakkan kreativiti pekerja.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">(ii) Jenis pemimpin ini menggalakkan
pekerja untuk meneroka kaedah dan cara baharu untuk melakukan kerja serta
mencari peluang baharu untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">belajar dan
memperbaiki diri.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">(b)</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Timbang rasa peribadi</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 37.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">(i) Pemimpin seperti ini memberikan sokongan dan galakan kepada setiap</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 34.8pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 18.95pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">pekerja. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">(ii) Bagi memupuk
hubungan kerja yang baik, pemimpin menggunakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 53.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">pendekatan pintu terbuka agar pekerja boleh berkongsi idea pada bila-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 31.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 21.85pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">bila masa. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(iii) Dengan cara
ini, pemimpin dapat mengetahui sumbangan yang diberikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">oleh setiap pekerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;">(c)</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Motivasi berinspirasi</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 37.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">(i) Pemimpin mempunyai visi yang jelas yang boleh disampaikan dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">disuarakan kepada pekerja.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">(ii) Pemimpin seperti ini juga dapat
membantu pekerja supaya mempunyai <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">keghairahan
dan motivasi untuk mencapai visi dan matlamat yang </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ditetapkan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">(d)</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Pengaruh idealisme</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 37.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">(i)
Pemimpin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>transformational<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>bertindak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>model<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>contoh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">pekerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: .25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">(ii) Oleh sebab pekerja percaya dan
menghormati pemimpin, maka mereka mencontohi dan mendalami idealisme pemimpin
mereka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kepimpinan
Karismatik</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pemimpin yang
karismatik ialah pemimpin yang menyediakan persekitaran yang<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">bertenaga dan pengukuhan yang
positif kepada pekerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.7pt; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pemimpin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>berkarisma<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merupakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>sumber<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>inspirasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pekerja<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">menggalakkan mereka
menunjukkan prestasi terbaik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Dengan kata lain,
kejayaan pekerja banyak bergantung pada pemimpin kerana<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">pemimpin merupakan gam yang
mengikat ahli kumpulan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Jenis kepimpinan
seperti ini sesuai bagi menyelesaikan satu-satu projek berjangka<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">pendek apabila bakat dan tenaga
ahli pasukan adalah elemen yang penting.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">D<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kepimpinan Berwawasan </span></b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">(Visionary)</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: .25pt; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.95pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pemimpin yang berwawasan ialah pemimpin yang
mempunyai visi dan bayangan masa hadapan tentang organisasi yang bakal
dikecapi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-left: 16.8pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 16.8pt; text-indent: -12.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Pemimpin seperti ini
mempunyai daya kreativiti, disiplin, kemahuan, dan cita-cita</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">serta keghairahan
yang tinggi tentang bentuk masa hadapan yang diinginkan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 16.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 16.8pt; text-indent: -12.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pemimpin seperti ini bertindak sebagai
obor kepada semua pekerja agar merekajuga mempunyai perasaan dan keghairahan
yang sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 16.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 16.8pt; text-indent: -12.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Pemimpin memberikan
inspirasi dan harapan kepada semua tentang perubahan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">yang perlu
dilaksanakan pada masa hadapan agar kelangsungan organisasi dapat terus
dikekalkan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 16.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 16.8pt; text-indent: -12.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Bagi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mencapai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>visi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>diimpikan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pemimpin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempunyai <b><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">kebijaksanaan yang tinggi tentang apa yang bakal
berlaku, yang telah </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">berlaku, dan
sedang berlaku.</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 16.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 16.8pt; text-indent: -12.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Dengan menggunakan
kebijaksanaan dan pengetahuan yang ada, pemimpin </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">berwawasan dipercayai dapat membawa organisasi ke arah hala
tuju yang lebih <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">cemerlang.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Gaya Kepimpinan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gaya <b>Kepimpinan Autokratik</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pemimpin yang autokratik merupakan
pemimpin yang membuat keputusan dan <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">bertindak
atas keputusan yang dibuat secara berseorangan; manakala pekerja </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">bawahan tidak terlibat secara langsung dalam
proses membuat keputusan kerana pandangan mereka tidak diambil kira.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pemimpin cuma
memaklumkan pekerja tentang keputusan yang telah dibuat dan pekerja hanya perlu
melaksanakan keputusan yang telah diambil.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Ciri-ciri gaya
kepimpinan autokratik:</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Ketua tidak mendapatkan pandangan daripada pekerja.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Ketua membuat semua keputusan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Ketua mengarah pekerja melakukan tugas tanpa
perbincangan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Ketua menentukan semua kaedah dan proses kerja.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Pekerja jarang dipercayai untuk membuat keputusan atau
melaksanakan tugas </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">yang penting.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Diandaikan bahawa pekerja tidak mempunyai kemahiran dan
kepakaran serta </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">kurang pengetahuan untuk melaksanakan tugas.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Gaya kepimpinan
autokratik sesuai apabila organisasi mengalami krisis kerana </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">dalam situasi
seperti ini, organisasi memerlukan pemimpin yang dapat memberikan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">hala tuju yang jelas
kepada pekerja.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">Organisasi ketenteraan
juga mempunyai gaya kepimpinan autokratik kerana </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">anggota tentera perlu menerima arahan
daripada ketua tanpa bantahan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kelemahan gaya
kepimpinan autokratik:</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pekerja
mungkin tidak berpuas hati akan layanan yang diberikan oleh ketua <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">yang tidak mengendahkan pandangan mereka.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pekerja mungkin kurang kreatif dalam menyelesaikan
masalah dan ini boleh menjejaskan prestasi kerja pekerja.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 12.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gaya Kepimpinan Demokratik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;">Gaya kepimpinan demokratik juga dikenali sebagai <b>gaya
kepimpinan penglibatan.</b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">Pemimpin yang
mempunyai gaya kepimpinan demokratik melibatkan staf </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">bawahan dalam proses
membuat keputusan.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 4.8pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 18.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">Ciri-ciri gaya kepimpinan </span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">demokratik:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Pekerja digalakkan berkongsi idea dan pendapat untuk
membuat keputusan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">bersama walaupun ketua mempunyai kuasa akhir untuk membuat keputusan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Ketua berbincang dengan pekerja untuk mengatasi sesuatu
masalah yang</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">dihadapi.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pekerja akan berasa lebih terlibat dalam proses membuat
keputusan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Diandaikan bahawa pekerja mempunyai kemahiran dan
kepakaran serta </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pengetahuan unutk melakukan sesuatu tugas.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Ketua dan pekerja bersama-sama menentukan semua kaedah
dan proses</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">kerja.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: 18.25pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">Oleh sebab pekerja
digalakkan untuk berkongsi pendapat dan pandangan,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">maka pekerja akan
lebih komited dengan tugas yang diberikan. Hal ini dapat </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">meningkatkan
kreativiti dan produktiviti pekerja.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: 18.25pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Akan tetapi, gaya
kepimpinan demokratik tidak sesuai digunakan jika pekerja </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">yang tidak mempunyai kemahiran untuk
memberikan pandangan dan idea yang <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">bernas.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 12.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gaya <b>Kepimpinan </b><i>Laissez-Faire</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.7pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Gaya kepimpinan <i>laissez-faire </i>juga dikenali
sebagai <b>gaya kepimpinan bebas.</b></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Gaya kepimpinan <i>laissez-faire
</i>berlaku apabila ketua tidak campur tangan dalam </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">urusan pekerja dan
membenarkan staf bawahan untuk membuat keputusan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">sendiri.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Ciri-ciri gaya
kepimpinan </span></b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">laissez-faire'.</span></i><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Ketua tidak memberi bimbingan yang banyak kepada
pekerja.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Ketua<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>memberikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kebebasan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penuh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kepada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pekerja<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>membuat </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">keputusan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Ketua menyediakan peralatan dan sumber yang diperlukan
oleh pekerja untuk </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">melaksanakan tugas mereka.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pekerja
diharap menyelesaikan masalah kerja dengan sendiri tanpa bantuan <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">dan bimbingan.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Diandaikan bahawa pekerja lebih memahami kerja dan tugas
diri mereka.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Gaya kepimpinan <i>laissez-faire
</i>sesuai dan berkesan jika pekerja mempunyai </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">kemahiran, motivasi, dan kebolehan
yang tinggi untuk bekerja sendiri.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Walaupun <b>ketua
tidak campur tangan </b>dalam urusan pekerja dan membiarkan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">mereka membuat
keputusan mereka, namun pekerja masih boleh berjumpa dengan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ketua untuk
mendapatkan bimbingan dan nasihat apabila mereka berasa perlu.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Kelemahan gaya
kepimpinan laissez-faire ialah gaya kepimpinan ini boleh </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">menyebabkan
pelaksanaan dan pencapaian satu-satu tugas tertanggu jika pekerja tidak mahir
dengan apa yang dilakukannya.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 12.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">D<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gaya <b>Kepimpinan Kontingensi</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Gaya kepimpinan
kontigensi merujuk kepada gaya kepimpinan yang disesuaikan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">mengikut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keadaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>situasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>melihat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kepada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>elemen-elemen </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">persekitaran.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -12.95pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Mengikut teori
kontingensi, semua gaya kepimpinan adalah sesuai dan berkesan; walau
bagaimanapun keberkesanan gaya kepimpinan yang digunakan bergantung </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pada keadaan
tertentu.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kejayaan atau
kegagalan sesebuah organisasi bergantung pada gay a kepimpinan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">yang diamalkan, kualiti pengikut, dan
keadaan persekitaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Contohnya, pengurus
menggunakan gaya kepimpinan autokratik apabila organisasi mengalami krisis yang
perlu diperbetulkan dengan segera; dan pada masa yang lain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">menggunakan gaya kepimpinan demokratik
apabila komitmen yang berterusan daripada pekerja diperlukan dan apabila
pekerja mampu memberikan cadangan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">yang bemas untuk menambah baik operasi perniagaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 211.2pt; margin-top: .2in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pemimpin
dan Pengurus </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 211.2pt; margin-top: .2in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Peranan
Pemimpin</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 18.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mempengaruhi pengikut</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.25pt; margin-right: .25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pemimpin mempengaruhi pekerja-pekerja supaya melakukan
aktiviti-aktiviti dengan semangat berdasarkan kebolehan dan keperibadian
kepimpinan yang <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dimiliki oleh pengurus.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 18.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Memberi motivasi</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pemimpin berperanan untuk memberikan
rangsangan kepada pekerjanya untuk </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">melakukan aktiviti supaya objektif pekerja
dan matlamat organisasi dapat dicapai </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">bersama-sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 18.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Membina pasukan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.25pt; margin-right: .25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pemimpin berperanan untuk membina pasukan
kerja dalam organisasi dan menggerakkan aktiviti pekerja berdasarkan semangat
kerja berpasukan seperti mewujudkan konsep kerjasama dalam mencapai kejayaan.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Mempunyai wawasan</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pemimpin berperanan untuk membentuk
dan menterjemahkan sesuatu wawasan secara jelas dan disampaikan kepada pekerja
dengan berkesan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Persamaan antara Pemimpin dengan Pengurus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .1in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo49; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Mereka mempunyai matlamat yang perlu dicapai. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .1in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo49; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Mereka menggerakkan dan menggunakan sumber.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mereka
merupakan pengantara atau penghubung antara pekerja dengan pihak </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pengurusan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mereka bergantung
pada pekerja bawahan dan cuba untuk memotivasikan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">mereka.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Pengawalan</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Jenis Kawalan </span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Maksud<b> </b></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Pengawalan</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Pengawalan bermaksud
proses <b>pemantauan prestasi </b>dan pengambilan tindakan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">bagi memastikan hasil tercapai seperti
yang dijangkakan.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Pengawalan merupakan
satu proses yang dilakukan secara berterusan ke arah </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">penambahbaikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berterusan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>semua<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aktiviti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kegiatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>organisasi </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">melalui maklumat yang disalurkan oleh
setiap unit atau jabatan dalam sesebuah </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">organisasi.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Pihak pengurusan akan
membandingkan hasil yang diperoleh dengan standard </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">yang telah ditetapkan
semasa perancangan; kemudian memaklumkan hasil </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">perbandingan kepada pihak yang
bertanggungjawab supaya tindakan pembetulan dapat diambil.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Kepentingan Pengawalan</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengawalan <b>membantu organisasi mencapai
matlamat </b>yang telah ditetapkan. <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Pengawalan
juga memastikan semua operasi organisasi berjalan dan dilaksanakan </span>dengan
cekap dan semua sumber digunakan dengan sebaik mungkin.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Pengawalan memastikan
semua projek atau aktiviti yang dirancang berjalan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">seperti yang
diinginkan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengawalan membantu pengurus
<b>mengenal pasti </b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aktiviti yang bermasalah dan mengambil tindakan
pembetulan. </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Dengan kata </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">lain,
pengawalan membantu organisasi menghindari kesilapan lalu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo51; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">Pengawalan membantu
pengurus menyelaras semua aktiviti unit atau jabatan </span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">supaya aktiviti yang
dirancang dapat berjalan dengan lancar. </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Jadi, pengawalan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">merupakan satu bentuk
semakan terhadap prestasi kerja dan hasil kerja serta </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">merupakan satu proses untuk penambahbaikan
berterusan dalam organisasi.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Pengawalan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membantu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sesebuah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>organisasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>mengelakkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebarang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">penyelewengan </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">yang boleh dijangka kerana aktiviti-aktiviti yang
dijalankan akan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dipantau dan diawasi pada pelbagai peringkat.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Jenis Kawalan</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Terdapat dua jenis kawalan, iaitu:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kawalan dalaman</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kawalan luaran</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Kawalan dalaman </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">ialah sistem dalaman yang digunakan oleh
organisasi untuk<br />
memastikan bahawa organisasi berjalan pada landasan yang betul.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Sistem kawalan
dalaman termasuklah:</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Audit
dalaman<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Dasar organisasi</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Prosedur
kerja<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Audit dalaman</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -17.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">(a) Audit dalaman dilakukan untuk
menyemak semula perjalanan organisasi </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">dalam tempoh tertentu untuk mengenal pasti
sama ada fungsi perancangan,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo55; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Contohnya, syarikat swasta di Malaysia tertakluk pada
Undang-undang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pekerjaan 1955
dalam mentadbir dan mengurus sumber manusia.<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo55; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Menurut Undang-undang Pekerjaan 1955, syarikat perlu
mematuhi siapa yang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">boleh dibenarkan bekerja, tempoh waktu bekerja, kaedah
untuk menamatkan dan memberhentikan pekerja dan seumpamanya.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo55; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">Jika syarikat didapati gagal untuk mematuhi mana-mana
peraturan dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">undang-undang
yang ditetapkan, majikan boleh dikenakan hukuman seperti <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">penjara atau membayar denda.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo55; tab-stops: 35.5pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">Syarikat yang tidak mematuhi peraturan dan undang-undang
bukan sahaja </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">akan mendapat
hukuman, malah nama baik syarikat akan turut terjejas.<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Proses
Kawalan </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menetapkan
Standard</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">Sebarang rancangan
yang hendak dilaksanakan perlu mempunyai standard </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tertentu.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Standard yang baik
perlulah jelas, spesifik, dapat diukur, dapat dicapai, realistik,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">dan relevan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Standard yang baik
penting agar dapat memberikan gambaran yang jelas tentang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hasil kerja atau prestasi yang perlu dicapai
dalam tempoh masa yang ditetapkan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Standard yang baik
juga memudahkan penilaian dan komunikasi antara pengurus dengan pekerja.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Biasanya
standard semasa akan ditetapkan berdasarkan standard terdahulu.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Untuk menetapkan
standard berdasarkan prestasi yang lalu, dua kaedah boleh </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">digunakan, iaitu standard perbandingan
atau standard kejuruteraan.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Standard perbandingan
melibatkan penetapan standard semasa berdasarkan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">prestasi pihak lain seperti jabatan lain, unit lain, atau
organisasi lain.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Standard kejuruteraan
ialah standard yang ditetapkan secara saintifik melalui </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">kaedah seperti
kajian masa dan gerak.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Standard kejuruteraan biasanya digunakan
untuk menilai hasil kerja yang boleh <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">dianalisis
dengan tepat. Contohnya, penghantaran makanan segera ke rumah dapat </span>diukur
dengan tepat dan segi masa bagi setiap laluan yang diikuti.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mengukur Pencapaian</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">Setelah standard
ditetapkan, langkah yang berikutnya memerlukan pengurus </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mengukur dan menilai
hasil kerja atau prestasi sebenar.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Cara mengukur prestasi sebenar bergantung pada standard
yang telah ditetapkan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Standard yang
berbentuk kuantitatif lebih mudah diukur berbanding dengan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">standard yang
berbentuk kualitatif.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt;">Contohnya,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seseorang pengurus lebih mudah untuk
mengetahui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sama ada </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">pekerjanya dapat
mencapai jualan sebanyak RM10 000 seminggu berbanding </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">dengan hasil kerja
yang memerlukan pekerja menjaga kesopanan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>semasa </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt;">berinteraksi dengan pelanggan. Hal ini kerana maksud "menjaga
kesopanan" </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">sukar untuk diukur disebabkan setiap orang mempunyai maksud yang
berlainan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Walau bagaimanapun,
standard yang berbentuk kualitatif masih perlu diukur dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">pengurus perlu mencari alat pengukur yang
sesuai.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Selain cara mengukur, pengurus juga perlu
menentukan kekerapan pengukuran, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">sama ada
prestasi kerja diukur setiap minggu, setiap bulan, setiap tiga bulan atau enam
bulan; dan ini bergantung pada pentingnya matlamat organisasi.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Kekerapan pengukuran
juga bergantung pada kos tindakan pembetulan jika </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">prestasi tidak
mencapai standard. Semakin mahal sesuatu tindakan pembetulan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">yang perlu dilaksanakan, semakin kerap
pengukuran perlu dilakukan.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Membandingkan
Pencapaian dengan Standard</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Langkah seterusnya
ialah membandingkan hasil kerja sebenar dengan standard </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">yang telah
ditetapkan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Langkah ini merupakan
langkah paling penting kerana langkah ini mengukur </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">keberkesanan kawalan
yang diambil.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Perbandingan boleh
dilakukan dengan pelbagai cara seperti:</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Pengurus boleh bergantung pada laporan yang diterima
daripada staf<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bawahan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">yang
bertanggungjawab menyediakan laporan berkenaan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -17.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Pengurus juga boleh membuat pemerhatian kendiri untuk
menilai sama ada </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">terdapat sebarang perubahan dalam tahap prestasi pekerja.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: -13.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt;">Langkah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini juga penting<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menentukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sama<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>terdapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebarang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">penyelewengan atau perbezaan antara hasil
kerja sebenar dengan standard yang<br />
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ditetapkan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.7pt; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 17.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Apabila sebarang penyelewengan berlaku, tindakan
pembetulan perlu diambil.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 12.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">D<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Membuat Langkah
Pembetulan</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Sebelum memutuskan tindakan pembetulan,
pengurus perlu mengetahui bentuk <span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;">penyelewengan
yang berlaku dan sejauh mana tindakan pembetulan perlu </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">diambil.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Perbezaan yang kecil mungkin tidak memerlukan tindakan
pembetulan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Namun sebelum
tindakan pembetulan diambil, pengurus perlu mengetahui punca </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">penyelewengan
tersebut.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Hal ini bertujuan untuk memastikan
tindakan yang diambil tidak membazir dan <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">berkesan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Contohnya, pekerja
tidak dapat mencapai sasaran jualan yang ditetapkan mungkin </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">bukan kerana pekerja
tersebut malas, tetapi mungkin kerana standard atau sasaran yang ditetapkan
terlalu tinggi dan tidak realistik. Jadi, pengurus perlu melihat dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">menyemak semula
sasaran berkenaan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Sekiranya hasil kerja
yang dicapai menepati sasaran/standard yang ditetapkan, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">pengurus boleh
memikirkan sama ada untuk mengekalkan standard yang sedia </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ada atau
meningkatkan standard pada masa hadapan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: 17.5pt; text-indent: -13.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Ringkasnya,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>langkah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merupakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>langkah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>penting<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kerana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>langkah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">memberikan maklum balas kepada pengurus tentang apa yang perlu dilakukan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">seterusnya agar
matlamat organisasi tercapai.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 2.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 2.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 2.65pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;">Kaedah Kawalan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 16.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo64; tab-stops: 16.8pt; text-indent: -12.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kawalan perlu
dilakukan secara berterusan kerana sebarang tindakan pembetulan yang diambil
segera boleh menjimatkan kos organisasi.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo64; tab-stops: 16.8pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Terdapat tiga kaedah
kawalan, iaitu:</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Kawalan awalan – Memastikan input memenuhi standard yang
ditetapkan. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh input : tenaga kerja, mesin, bahan
mentah, sumber kewangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Kawalan semasa – Memastikan hanya aktiviti-aktiviti yang
betul dilakukan seperti yang telah </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ditetapkan ,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh: Masadan gerak, prosedur, tatacara</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Kawalan selepas – Memastikan output mematuhi
standard<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang telah ditetapkan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh:
Produk, servis, keuntungan, produktiviti</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Alat-alat Kawalan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 6.95pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Analisis
Titik Pulang Modal</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secara
umumnya, fungsi analisis titik pulang modal sebagai alat kawalan ialah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 35.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo66; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Mengenal pasti unit minimum yang harus dihasilkan untuk
mendapat pulang<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">modal.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo66; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Mengawal kos pengeluaran agar tidak terlebih belanja.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo66; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Menentukan harga bagi barang yang dikeluarkan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo66; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Merancang pengeluaran untuk mendapat untung yang
disasarkan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bajet</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-top: 5.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fungsi bajet sebagai alat kawalan:</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Merancang pendapatan dan perbelanjaan perniagaan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Mengawal aliran masuk dan keluar sumber kewangan
mengikut keutamaan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Memastikan sumber kewangan yang diperoleh dapat menampung
perbelanjaan<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">yang
dilakukan.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; margin-left: 18.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">Memastikan sumber kewangan digunakan secara berkesan dan
tidak membazir.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Carta Gantt</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.7pt; margin-left: 4.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 13.7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">Fungsi carta Gantt sebagai alat kawalan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.7pt; margin-left: 35.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo68; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: -17.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Memantau kemajuan sesuatu projek dari mula hingga tamat,
iaitu memastikan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">setiap aktiviti disiapkan mengikut tempoh yang telah dirancang.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.7pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo68; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Mengawal masa penggunaan sumber.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.7pt; margin-left: 35.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo68; tab-stops: 35.75pt; text-indent: -17.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Memastikan setiap aktiviti dalam sesuatu projek
dilakukan mengikut urutan supaya tidak menjejaskan perjalanan aktiviti yang
lain.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.25pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-1257561155236975212013-07-01T08:36:00.000-07:002013-07-01T08:36:12.089-07:00PENGURUSAN Penggal 3 KMK<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PENGURUSAN </span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">HASIL
PEMBELAJARAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Prinsip asas
pengurusan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Calon seharusnya dapat:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menjelaskan maksud
dan konsep asas pengurusan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menghuraikan prinsip
asas pengurusan organisasi.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Terapan terhadap
teks</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Calon seharusnya dapat:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mengenal pasti
unsur pengurusan daripada teks kajian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menganalisis asas
pengurusan dalam organisasi yang wujud dalam teks kajian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Organisasi Sastera</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Calon Seharusnya dapat:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menjelaskan aspek
perancangan kerja dalam organisasi kerja dalam organisasi sastera.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menghuraikan aspek
pengurusan projek seperti seminar, kursus, pertandingan dan pementasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PENGENALAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengurusan yang efektif merupakan kunci kejayaan
sesebuah organisasi dalam mencapai matlamat atau objektifnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Walau apapun profesyen yang diceburi termasuk
penulis dan menguruskan organisasi yg berhubung dengan kesusasteraan, pengurusan
amat penting dipelajari.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dengan adanya pengetahuan tentang pengurusan,
diharapkan seseorang itu akan menjadi lebih kreatif, kritis dan dinamis dalam
membuat sesuatu tindakan.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">DEFINISI PENGURUSAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menurut Juhary Haji
Ali, organisasi merupakan unit sosial yang terdiri daripada manusia yang
berkerjasama dan saling bergantung antara satu sama lain untuk mencapai
matlamat individu, kumpulan dan organisasi (Prinsip dan Amalan Pengurusan, KL:
DBP, 2004)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengurusan suatu proses
yang melibatkan kerjasama manusia dalam sesebuah organisasi bagi mencapai matlamat
atau objektif organisasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Jaafar Muhammad (Asas
Pengurusan, Shah Alam: Penerbit Fajar Bakti, 1999) “pengurusan ialah satu
proses mengagihkan input organisasi (termasuk sumber ekonomi dan sumber
kakitangan) dengan cara perancangan, pengorganisasian, pengarahan dan
pengawalan untuk tujuan mengeluarkan output (segala barangan) yang diperlukan
oleh pelanggan supaya objektif organisasi tercapai”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Berdasar definisi itu,
kata kunci yang perlu diketahui ialah proses untuk mencapai matlamat atau
objektif sesebuah organisasi. Proses sebagai satu cara yang sistematik dalam
melaksanakan sesuatu kerja atau sekumpulan tugasan. Di samping itu, kerjasama
kelompok manusia dalam organisasi itu secara efektif dan efisien amat
diperlukan bagi mencapai matlamat atau objektif organisasi. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PENGURUSAN KESUSASTERAAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ismail Ahmad<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Dewan Sastera, Oktober, 1990): “Pengurusan
Kesusasteraan” ialah mereka yang bertugas di sesebuah institusi untuk
mengembangkan sastera, termasuk institusi penerbitan sastera, juga adalah ejen.
Kerja utamanya ialah mengurus, bukan mencipta. Kalau ingin menjadi pencipta
sepenuh masa, maka ikutilah jejak beberapa sasterawan yang menjadikan menulis
sebagai pekerjaan utama, bukan pengurus yang memikul tanggungjawab untuk
mengembang dan memajukan kesusasteraan melalui sesuatu organisasi atau badan
yang tertentu. Tugas pengurus dan tugas penulis adalah tugas yang berlainan.
Tugas penulis ialah menulis, dan tugas pengurus (sama ada sastera mahupun bukan)
adalah mengurus, memikir dan merancang untuk membina dan mengembangkan, dan
dalam kesusasteraan: mengembangkan kesusasteraan, penulis dan karya.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dalam konteks ini dapat
dirumuskan bahawa pengurusan kesusasteraan boleh dibahagikan kepada dua aspek,
iaitu:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengurusan yang
berkaitan operasi dalam sesebuah organisasi yang berteraskan kesusasteraan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contohnya GAPENA; Jabatan Kesusasteraan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Melayu; pengurusan drama atau
penganjuran <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pertandingan
deklamasi sajak.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengurusan yang terdapat
dalam sesebuah teks sastera</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contohnya dalam Saudagar Besar dari Kuala <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lumpur. Pengurusan menyambut ketibaan
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>DYMM Sultan ke Kampung Pulai dalam <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>novel <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Saudagar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Besar dari Kuala Lumpur karya <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Keris Mas.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PRINSIP-PRINSIP PENGURUSAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Perancangan</span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengorganisasian</span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tenaga
Kerja (Staffing)</span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kepimpinan</span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kawalan</span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PERANCANGAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Gary Dessler:
Perancangan sebagai kaedah-kaedah yang terperinci yang diatur terlebih dahulu
sebelum membuat sesuatu.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Andrew F. Sikula:
Perancangan mengandungi aktiviti-aktiviti fizikal dan mental yang dibuat
sebelum berlakunya sesuatu.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Harold Koontz:
Perancangan sebagai penentuan tentang sesuatu yang hendak dibuat, bagaimana
melaksanakannya dan siapa yang akan menjadi pelaksana.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dalam konteks
pengurusan yang berkaitan operasi dalam sesebuah organisasi yang berteraskan
kesusasteraan, contohnya sebelum menganjurkan pertandingan deklamasi sajak,
perancangan perlu dilakukan terlebih dahulu. Ini melibatkan penetapan objektif
dan langkah-langkah untuk mencapai objektif pertandingan deklamasi sajak
dianjurkan.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">KEPENTINGAN PERANCANGAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dapat menentukan hala
tuju sesebuah organisasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Merupakan faktor penyatu
dalam membuat keputusan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menolong para pengurus
untuk mengenal pasti peluang pada masa depan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sebagai penanda aras
untuk mengukur prestasi</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PERINGKAT DALAM PERANCANGAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menetapkan matlamat
atau objektif</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Merangka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>strategi bagi mencapai matlamat atau objektif</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menghasilkan berbagai
alternatif untuk perlaksanaan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menilai keberkesanan
setiap alternatif dalam mencapai matlamat atau objektif</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Memilih satu alternatif
yang dianggap paling efektif</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Membuat penilaian dan
kajian semula (jika perlu)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PENGORGANISASIAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengorganisasian dari
kata akar organisasi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Maksud pengorganisasian
ialah penyusunan sumber-sumber sesebuah organisasi dalam bentuk kesatuan dengan
cara yang berkesan agar matlamat atau objektif dan sasaran organisasi dapat
dicapai.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PROSES DALAM PENGORGANISASIAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menentukan
aktiviti-aktiviti yang perlu dilaksanakan untuk mencapai matlamat atau objektif
yang telah ditetapkan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mengumpulkan
aktiviti-aktiviti yang telah disenaraikan mengikut kesesuaian kelompok atau
kumpulan kerja.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mengagihkan
aktiviti-aktiviti berkaitan kepada tenaga kerja berdasarkan kebolehan
masing-masing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mengadakan penyelarasan
kerja-kerja untuk pengendalian yang berkesan</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">TENAGA KERJA (STAFFING)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Umumnya
aktiviti-aktiviti dalam sesebuah organisasi dijalankan oleh tenaga kerja yang
berkebolehan dan berkeupayaan dalam mencapai matlamat atau objektif organisasi
berkenaan. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dalam hal ini sebelum
seseorang itu dilantik dalam sesebuah organisasi, pengkajian mengenai
pengimbangan di antara aktiviti yang perlu dilakukan dengan keperluan tenaga
kerja. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Maklumat mengenainya
perlu dianalisis secara teliti sebelum penghasilan spesifikasi kerja yang
diperlukan dalam sesebuah organisasi.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Format yang umum digunakan untuk menulis spesifikasi
kerja seperti yang berikut:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Nama jawatan: Nama
jawatan yang dipilih mestilah ringkas, mudah dan menerangkan tugas jawatan
tersebut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ringkasan kerja: Bidang
tugas diterangkan dengan ringkas, jelas dan tepat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Senarai tugas: Senarai
tugas disusun mengikut keutamaan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dalam pemilihan tenaga
kerja, sesebuah organisasi perlulah memilih seseorang yang menunjukkan minat
dan berketrampilan (competent) dalam bidang tugasnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Proses pengambilan
tenaga kerja baharu yang bersesuaian dengan matlamat atau objektif organisasi
adalah satu proses yang penting kerana kejayaan organisasi pada masa akan
datang, bergantung kepada keupayaan tenaga kerjanya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">KEPIMPINAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Umumnya kepimpinan
didefinisikan sebagai seni atau proses seseorang dalam mempengaruhi kegiatan
manusia ke arah pencapaian matlamat atau objektif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>organisasi.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">TIGA GAYA KEPIMPINAN </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pemimpin yang autokratik</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Segala arahannya mesti dipatuhi tanpa mengambil kira
pandangan tenaga kerjanya.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pemimpin yang demokratik</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menggalakkan penglibatan dan penyertaan daripada tenaga
kerjanya dalam pembuatan </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keputusan.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pemimpin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>laissez-faire<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sedikit
sekali menggunakan kuasanya dan memberi kebebasan kepada tenaga kerjanya untuk
mengendalikan kerja mereka. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">FAKTOR KEJAYAAN SEORANG PEMIMPIN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Visi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pemimpin yang
berwawasan sudah pasti mempunyai visi yang tersendiri dalam proses
pengurusannya. Visi diperlukan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>menentukan matlamat atau objektif yang perlu
dicapai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Perancangan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pemimpin yang berjaya
apabila perancangan ke arah objektif organisasi tercapai. Berdasarkan
perancangan seorang pemimpin dapat mengagih-agihkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tanggungjawab <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>tenaga kerjanya bagi mencapai matlamat atau objektif organisasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Keberkesanan Komunikasi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Matlamat atau objektif
sesuatu pengurusan ditentukan oleh keberkesanan komunikasi dua hala antara
pemimpin dengan tenaga kerjanya. Pemimpin akan berkomunikasi dengan orang lain
untuk menyatakan visinya dan seterusnya mengajak orang lain agar bersama-sama
mencapai visi yang diidamkan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">KAWALAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kawalan ialah satu
proses untuk memastikan kegiatan dan aktiviti yang dilaksanakan dalam sesebuah
organisasi terarah kepada pencapaian matlamat atau objektif dan sasaran yang
telah ditetapkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Jika didapati ada tanda
menunjukkan kesukaran atau ketidakupayaan dalam mencapai matlamat atau objektif
dan sasaran organisasi maka tindakan pembetulan atau pemulihan perlu dilakukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kajian terperinci perlu
dilakukan untuk meneliti punca perkara tersebut boleh berlaku. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Proses pembetulan atau
pemulihan perlulah mengambil kira punca berlakunya perkara tersebut agar
perkara yang sama tidak akan berulang pada masa hadapan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">BIBLIOGRAFI</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Jaafar Muhammad, Asas
Pengurusan, Shah Alam: Penerbit Fajar Bakti, 1999</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Koontz, Harold dan
Heinz Weihrich, Pengurusan, Kuala Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1997</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rahim Abdullah, Asas
Pengurusan, Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn. Bhd.,
1998. </span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-47565598355300727602013-07-01T07:54:00.001-07:002013-07-01T07:54:15.792-07:00MULTIMEDIA Penggal 3 KMK<br />
<span style="font-size: 24pt; font-weight: bold;">MULTIMEDIA DALAM SASTERA</span><br />
<br />
<i>HASIL PEMBELAJARAN</i><br />
<b> Pelajar seharusnya dapat:</b><br />
1. Menjelaskan konsep,fungsi dan ciri-ciri multimedia dalam sastera.<br />
2. Menghuraikan kelebihan atau kepentingan bahan kesusasteraan yang dimultimediakan. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="O1" style="language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .81in; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: -.7in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">> </span>Kewujudan teknologi maklumat kini
menawarkan pelbagai pilihan kepada masyarakat. </div>
<div class="O1" style="language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .81in; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: -.7in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">> </span>Kini tradisi penyebaran dan
penghayatan sastera telah menerima dimensi baharu, iaitu karya </div>
<div class="O1" style="language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .81in; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: -.7in;">
sastera boleh
dihayati dalam bentuk multimedia. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="O1" style="language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .81in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.7in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">></span>Multimedia sebagai <span style="font-weight: bold;">medium
atau perantara yang digunakan untuk menyebarkan karya</span></div>
<div class="O1" style="language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .81in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.7in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;"> sastera</span> kepada masyarakat atau khalayak.</div>
<div class="O1" style="language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .81in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.7in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">></span>Sastera dalam konteks ini dirujuk sebagai <span style="font-weight: bold;">bahan yang akan digunakan </span>untuk disebarkan melalui</div>
<div class="O1" style="language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .81in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.7in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
medium multimedia. </div>
<div style="language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">FUNGSI
MULTIMEDIA DALAM SASTERA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mempelbagai
medium sastera</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Memperjelas
konsep yang abstrak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Penggunaan
pelbagai indera</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kesan apresiasi
lebih mendalam</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">CIRI-CIRI
MULTIMEDIA DALAM SASTERA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menimbulkan
minat kepada pengguna</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mengekalkan
minat kepada pengguna</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Memberikan
motivasi kepada pengguna</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menambahkan
kefahaman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kepada pengguna</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Merangsang
kreativiti</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menceriakan
persembahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Membantu
menyampaikan maklumat dengan lebih berkesan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PRINSIP ASAS
MULTIMEDIA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Teks</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Grafik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Animasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Audio-visual/video</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">TEKS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Huruf, simbol, abjad, nombor, statistik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pelbagai jenis tulisan dan fon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Penggunaan teks paling lazim digunakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Lebih menarik sekiranya digabungkan dengan
elemen-elemen multimedia yang lain.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">GRAFIK</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Apa-apa sahaja yang berbentuk tulisan, lukisan,
lakaran atau gambar dalam bentuk 2D dan 3D</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Histogram mudah, plot graf, carta,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ilustrasi</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ANIMASI</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Animasi adalah pergerakan bagi sesuatu objek.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Animasi dalam aplikasi multimedia dapat menarik
perhatian khalayak.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Animasi sesuatu yang mustahil atau kompleks berlaku
dalam kehidupan sebenar direalisasikan dalam aplikasi tersebut.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PERTIMBANGAN
APLIKASI ANIMASI</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kenal pasti tujuan penggunaan animasi dalam sesuatu
persembahan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kenal pasti animasi yang akan digunakan (animasi
pada teks, grafik).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kenal pasti sasaran atau khalayak.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kenal pasti kesan penggunaan animasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada keseluruhan persembahan.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">AUDIO</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Audio atau bunyi-bunyian.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Cara yang berkesan untuk menarik perhatian pengguna.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kesan bunyi yang ringkas dapat menarik perhatian.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">VIDEO</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Video merupakan cara berkesan bagi menyampaikan
maklumat yang gagal ditangani oleh media lain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Unsur video dalam multimedia membawa satu perubahan
yang besar di dalam kaedah penyaliran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>maklumat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kebanyakan video mampu membawa unsur menyerupai
keadaan sebenar.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">APLIKASI MEDIUM
MULTIMEDIA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">DALAM SASTERA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Penyediaan Papan Cerita</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Konsep Papan Cerita</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tujuan Papan Cerita</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Prosedur Penyediaan Papan Cerita</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Catatan:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\samsung\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Persembahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(input) + proses = hasil output</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\samsung\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pembinaan papan
cerita</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PAPAN CERITA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\samsung\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Papan Cerita
(story board) adalah skrip yang memberikan panduan iaitu input dan maklumat
dalam proses pemindahan dalam bentuk multimedia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\samsung\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Papan cerita
memperinci kandungan dan keperluan yang diperlukan dalam sesuatu proses
pemindahan/ persembahan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\samsung\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Papan cerita
sebagai lakaran grafik, skrin paparan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang dilihat oleh pengguna<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bersama dengan maklumat audio (VO), video dan kesan interaktif pada
setiap bingkai (frame).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">TUJUAN PAPAN
CERITA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\samsung\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Persediaan bahan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\samsung\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Penyediaan
instrument multimedia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\samsung\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Penyediaan
keperluan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\samsung\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Perbelanjaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">FORMAT PAPAN
CERITA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\samsung\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tidak bersifat
rigid</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\samsung\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mempunyai
maklumat yang dicadangkan sama ada huraian teks, grafik, animasi atau
audio-visual.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\samsung\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sesebuah lakaran
papan cerita terdiri daripada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sejumlah
bingkai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\samsung\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bingkai tersebut
adalah penunjuk sesuatu rincian.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">FORMAT 1:
PENYEDIAAN PAPAN CERITA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">FORMAT 2 :
PENYEDIAAN PAPAN CERITA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PROSEDUR PAPAN CERITA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Perancangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Perbincangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pelaksanaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kenalpasti keperluan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Eleman multimedia</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">LANGKAH PENYEDIAAN PROJEK MULTIMEDIA</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mengenal pasti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bahan yang akan dimultimediakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menyediakan papan cerita</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mengenal pasti elemen multimedia yang sesuai</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pembinaan/penghasilan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengeditan/pemurnian</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Persembahan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">APLIKASI ASAS
MULTIMEDIA</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">CIRI-CIRI
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Membantu memberikan kefahaman</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tidak menimbulkan sesuatu yang bercanggah atau
bertentangan dengan sesuatu konsep</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mengambil kira elemen sosio-budaya dan sensitiviti</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-16929148129128285922013-06-23T10:01:00.001-07:002013-06-23T10:01:19.054-07:00NOTA PENYUNTINGAN- KMK penggal 3<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ASPEK BAHASA DALAM PENYUNTINGAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengertian Penyuntingan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perihal melakukan pembetulan atau pembaikan
karangan, karya, buku, makalah, manuskrip dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Peranan
Penyunting</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a. Memilih dan menyusun karya orang
atau pihak lain untuk diterbitkan;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. Menyediakan karya atau sekumpulan
karya orang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lain untuk diterbitkan;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c. Menyediakan manuskrip sendiri
untuk diterbitkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•SUMBER RUJUKAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gaya Dewan Edisi Ketiga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kamus Dewan Edisi Keempat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Daftar Ejaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tatabahasa Dewan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kamus/Daftar/Glosari Istilah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tesarus Bahasa Melayu Dewan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kamus Dwibahasa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Edisi Kedua</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">prpm.dbp.gov.my</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•JENIS
PENYUNTINGAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">*
Penyuntingan Substantif</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">*
Penyuntingan Kopi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aspek bahasa dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penyuntingan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lebih menjurus kepada peranan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penyunting kopi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•Peranan Penyunting Kopi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Edtior berperanan untuk :-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">i. memotong, menambah atau <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membetulkan sesebuah karya <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengikut keperluan dan kesesuaian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bagi menjamin karya penulis memenuhi piawai penerbit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ii. Memastikan karya memperkatakan
tujuan karya itu;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">iii. Melenyapkan pertentangan
fakta;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">iv. Membetulkan kesalahan dan
kerancuan aspek bahasa seperti ejaan, ayat, frasa, pemilihan kata, tanda </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>baca,penggunaan huruf besa, penggunaan
huruf kecil, kependekan, penggunan istilah dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penyuntingan
Substantif</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pembaikan atau
penambahbaikan dari aspek isi dan organisasi sesebuah karya itu. Antaranya, isu
yang berkaitan dengan penggunaan bahasa yang lewah, pengungkapan pemikiran
penulis, fakta yang tepat, plagiarisme, pengolahan yang segar, inti pati cerita
yang mekar dan bersesuaian, dan mengikut standard yang ditetapkan penerbit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•PENYUNTINGAN KARYA KREATIF</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ingatlah 5 Perkara:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a. Anakronisme</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. Bahasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c. Dialog</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">d. Bahasa Basahan dan Dialek</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">e. Plot</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•Anakronisme</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kesilapan menempatkan sesuatu
peristiwa, tokoh, tempat, percakapan dan sebagainya pada zaman yang sebenarnya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Hang Jebat melihat-lihat jam
tangannya sambil <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membetul-betulkan
songkoknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. “Cis! Nanti aku tembak kau
dengan M16 ini,” teriak Tun Perak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. Rosli Dhobi, pejuang
kemerdekaan Sarawak mati digantung pada tahun 1959 kerana membunuh Duncan
Stewart.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bahasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Ejaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. Istilah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. Tatabahasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4. Semantik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5. Gaya Bahasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6. Tanda Bacaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TANDA BACAAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">i. Membantu penyusunan frasa,
klausa dan ayat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ii. Sebagai gambaran seni yang
turut membantu pernyataan sikap, perasaan dan emosi penulis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Tanda Noktah (.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.1 Di akhir setiap ayat lengkap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kesusasteraan tradisional terbahagi
kepada lisan dan tulisan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.2 Penamat ayat perintah atau
suruhan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jangan bising.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•1.3 Penamat ayat tanya berbentuk
retorik, yakni yang tidak memerlukan jawapan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Siapa yang tidak tidak marah kalau</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diperlakukan demikian rupa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.4 Penamat ayat tanya dalam ragam
cakap pindah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ketua Pengarah bertanya siapa pegawai projek
program itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.5 Kependekan Nama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Abg. Zohari Abdul Rahman</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">S. Jibeng</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.6 Selepas setiap nombor senarai
tanpa tanda kurung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Singapura</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. Malaysia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. Indonesia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.7 Memisahkan Ringgit Malaysia dengan
sen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>RM149.90</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.8 Menunjukkan tanda perpuluhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>76.8 peratus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>20.59 saat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5.5 juta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.9 Tanda penulisan senarai
bibliografi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau rujukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hashim Othman 2003. Kemahiran
Menulis:Perspektif Komunikasi. Kuala Lumpur.Dewan Bahasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">dan Pustaka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•2. Tanda Koma</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">* Tanda pemisah yang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sementara sifatnya;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">* Memisahkan satu klausa atau
frasa dengan yang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.1 Memisahkan tiga atau lebih
unsur dalam ayat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam setiap aktiviti sekolah,
seperti program orientasi pelajar baharu, pelantikan pengawas dam perhimpunan,
pihak sekolah perlu menitikberatkan aspek pembudayaan amalan berbudi bahasa dan
nilai murni.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.2 Memisahkan frasa keterangan
daripada ayat induk dalam ayat songsang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Selepas persaraan beliau daripada
dunia pendidikan, Mahmud bertukar kerjaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.3 Menggabungkan beberapa ayat
menjadi satu ayat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Selain memberikan sumbangan yang
banyak dalam bidang kesusasteraan Melayu dan bidang kebudayaan, Mahmud Ahmad
merupakan salah seorang aktivis bahasa yang turut terlibat dalam meletakkan
batu asas dalam memperjuangkan kedudukan bahasa Melayu di tempat yang
sewajarnya di Singapura.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•2.4 Menghubungkan ayat-ayat yang
boleh berdiri sendiri dalam ayat majmuk dengan menggunakan kata hubung seperti
dan, sambil, tetapi, kemudian, serta dan lalu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bahasa Melayu bukan sahaja
berperanan sebagai bahasa tonggak tamadun bangsa dan negara, khususnya sebagai
bahasa kebangsaan, tetapi adalah antara elemen yang penting sebagai asas kepada
pembentukan rakyat Malaysia yang unggul lagi perkasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•2.5 Memisahkan ayat induk daripada
petikan langsung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“Ini ada sepucuk surat untuk
ibumu. Harap Lina sampaikan kepada ibu sebaik-baik sampai di rumah nanti,”
pesan ayahnya sambil menghulurkan surat tersebut kepada Lina.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.6 Memisahkan keterangan setara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menurut Pegawai Penyelidik
Radiokimia, Insititut Penyelidikan Teknologi Nuklear Malaysia (MINT), Dr.
Zaharuddin bin Ahmad, aktiviti nuklear ini boleh dibahagikan kepada dua tujuan
utama iaitu keamanan dan bukan keamanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.7 Menyisipkan kata, frasa atau klausa
ke dalam sesuatu ayat atau perenggan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Oleh itu, selain memantapkan
kursus fakulti ini, kerajaan sewajarnya membuka kursus yang sama di IPTA lain
supaya mampu meramaikan profesional pertanian untuk memenuhi keperluan negara
yang semakin berkurangan dan tidak mencaukupi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.8 Menandakan Contoh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dia suka akan novel-novel Melayu,
contohnya Salina, Merpati Putih Terbang Lagi dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.9 Menandakan unit geografi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mahmud lahir pada 29 Mac 1906 di
Kallang, Singapura.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.10 Memisahkan unsur berlawanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yang menang Barisan Nasional,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bukan parti pembangkang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.11 Memisahkan kata dengan unsur
ayat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pementasan itu berakhir pada
pukul 10.30 malam, 7 Mei 2006.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.12 Menandakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengulangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Aku benci, benci dan benci.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nyah kau dari sini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•Sekadar Renungan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Semua wanita yang bercermin mata,masuk
dahulu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Semua wanita yang bercermin, mata
masuk dahulu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.0 TANDA SEMPANG ( - )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sekurang-kurang ada 10 fungsi
tanda sempang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.1 Menunjukkan dan menegaskan
ejaan sesuatu perkataan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kata p-e-l-a-n-c-o-n-g-a-n dan
p-e-l-a-c-u-n-g-a-n mempunyai makna yang berbeza.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kata g-o-l-o-n-g-a-n tidak
g-u-l-u-n-g-a-n tidak sama ertinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•3.2 Menunjukkan pertuturan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang tidak lancar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“Sa-sa-ya, ” katanya dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gugup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.3 Memisahkan angka yang berbeza
fungsi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ISBN 983-62-8339-0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">012-8920460</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•3.4 Menggabungkan kata dasar
yang dipendekkan untuk menyatakan sifat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Anglo-Saxon</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Indo-Belanda</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.5 Memisahkan huruf kecil dengan
huruf besar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">rahmat-Nya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">pra-Kongres</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pan-Malaysia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•3.6 Menandakan penulisan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam transliterasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>huruf Arab-Rumi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-Fatihah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-Quran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.7 Memperjelas ungkapan yang
seakan-akan sama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>be-revolusi dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ber-evolusi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.8 Merangkaikan angka yang menunjukkan
tahun dengan akhiran –an</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">zaman 60-an</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tahun 1990-an</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.9 Merangkaikan ke- dengan angka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ke-9</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ke-30</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.10 Menunjukkan kata
gandaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>porak-peranda</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>simpang-siur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kertas-kertas kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Timbalan-timbalan Menteri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.
TANDA PISAH (—)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ada 6 fungsi tanda pisah, dan
bentuknya lebih panjang daripada tanda sempang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.1 Memisahkan keterangan bagi
sesuatu idea atau siri idea</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sepanjang kerjayanya sebagai ahli
politik pelbagai kemewahan hidup sudah dikecapinya—wang, harta, kuasa dan
wanita, bagaimanapun, dia tidak pernah berasa puas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.2 Menggantikan pengulangan nama
penuh penulis dalam sesuatu penulisan, khususnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk katalog <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perpustakaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Nordin Hassan—Nordin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jong Chian Lai—Jong</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.3 Memperlihatkan gangguan aliran
pemikiran penulis, pembicara dan lain-lain yang terhenti, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berubah-ubah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan berpindah-pindah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Semasa berceramah di Labuan—isu
ini sudah saya bangkitkan—pembangunan mapan adalah untuk generasi akan datang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.4 Memperkenalkan satu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perkataan atau beberapa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perkataan yang hendak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ditegaskan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sejak kematian isterinya dia
mengalami aneka tekanan perasaan—sedih, pilu, duka, lara rindu, dan kecewa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.5 Menyisipkan perkataan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>frasa atau klausa untuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penegasan atau untuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maksud tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Setelah balik dari Paris minggu
depan—kalau tidak ada aral melintang—saya akan uruskan perkara itu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.6 Menggantikan perkataan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“hingga”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam tempoh 2001-2003 beliau
menuntut di London.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.0 Tanda Titik Bertindih ( : )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Terdapat 7 fungsi tanda</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">titik bertindih</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.1 Memperkenalkan atau</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menambah keterangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pendidikan di Malaysia : Sejarah,
Sistem dan Falsafah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•5.2 Menyenaraikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sesuatu perkara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Antara karya yang dihasilkannya
ialah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pindah, Pemberontakan, Langit
Nanga Hijau</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•5.3 Memisahkan judul kecil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan judul utama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penterjemahan : Satu Pengenalan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Islam Hadhari : Cabaran dan
Harapan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•5.4 Memisahkan adegan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan drama/filem/lakonan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lantai T. Pinkie, 5:6</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Adegan 5, Babak 6)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.5 Menunjukkan nisbah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9 : 6</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.6 Memisahkan jilid dan
halaman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rujukan bagi buku berjilid</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“Ketrampilan Penulis dalam Menuju
Wawasan 2020”, Dewan Sastera,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7:6:25 (Jilid 7, Bilangan 8 dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Halaman 25)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.7 Memisahkan surah dan ayat
al-Quran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">al-Baqarah 2:33</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Surah 2, Ayat 33)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6. TANDA KOMA BERTITIK ( ; )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4 fungsi tanda koma bertitik
ialah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6.1 Memisahkan keterangan
yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bersiri, yang berlainan kategori,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jika keterangan itu dipisahkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh koma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kepada yang berjaya diucapkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tahniah; kepada yang belum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berjaya, janganlah bersedih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6.2 Memisahkan dua atau
beberapa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>klausa utama yang biasanya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>disambung oleh dan, tetapi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau,
namun dan lalu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Buat baik berpada-pada;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">buat jahat jangan sekali;
jadikanlah ini amalan hidup<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6.3 Memisahkan lebih daripada
satu klausa yang terdapat dalam sesuatu ayat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kritikan karya itu menggunakan
pelbagai teori normatif;teori strukturalisme;teori takmilah;termasuklah teori
femenisme.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6.4 Memisahkan klausa utama yang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dimulai dengan kata hubung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>juga, kendatipun demikian,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>malah, selain itu, oleh yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>demkian, seyogianya dan lain-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Peperiksaan STPM tinggal tiga
bulan lagi; oleh sebab itu dia tekun mengulang kaji.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7. TANDA ELIPSIS ( …)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7.1 Menunjukkan satu siri
atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>senarai nama yang bersambung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang bermaksud dan seterusnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kanak-kanak harus diajarkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membilang 1, 2, 3, 4…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7.2 Menunjukkan pengguguran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahagian teks sama ada di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>awal, pertengahan atau akhir</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sesuatu ayat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">…asas-asas yang menjamin
keharmonian dan kestabilan masyarakat. Kemajuan negara banyak bergantung pada
perpaduan rakyat…Tanpa kestabilan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>amat
sukar untuk membangunkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7.3 Memisahkan sekumpulan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perkataan yang pendek</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam pengucapan dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tujuan memberi penegasan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Buat tempahan itu segera…Telefon
pihak tersebut hari ini juga…Lepas itu buat laporan kepada saya…Saya hendak
awak selesaikan hari ini juga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">9.0 TANDA TANYA ( ? )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">9.1 Pada akhir ayat tanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yang mana satu pilihan anda?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">9.2 Antara kalimat yang menyatakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahagian kalimat yang disangsikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau kurang dapat dibuktikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kebenarannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tragedi itu berlaku sekitar tahun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1876 (?)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">10.0 TANDA KURUNG ( )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">10.1 Mengapit keterangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau penjelasan tambahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dewan Usahawan Bumiputera Sarawak
(DUBS) akan mengadakan mesyuarat tergempar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">10.2 Mengapit huruf atau
angka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang menunjukkan bilangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perkara-perkara yang berikut
hendaklah disediakan untuk mesyuarat itu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(a) Prosiding mesyuarat;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(b) Agenda mesyuarat;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(c) Senarai panggilan mesyuarat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">10.3 Mengapit keterangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau penjelasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sumber bahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Antologi puisi Kerikil Tajam dan
Yang Terhempas dan Yang Putus memuatkan 55 buah puisi Chairil Anwar (Penerbit
Dian Rakyat, 1994)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•11.0 TANDA PETIKAN (“ ”)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">11.1 Mengapit cakap ajuk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“Kau hanya pondan yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>berdiri di belakang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>perempuan,” kata Rusli<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Dhoby.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•11.2 Mengapit petikan langsung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>daripada sumber lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang panjangnya tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lebih daripada tiga baris</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perwatakan Tun Dr. Mahathir
Mohamad digambarkan oleh Subky Latif sebagai “sepanjang perjuangannya juga dia
adalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">seorang yang kontroversial”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">11.3 Mengapit judul rencana,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>karangan, puisi dan bab buku</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang digunakan dalam kalimat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Buku berjudul “Managing The
Non-Profit Organization” yang ditulis oleh Peter F. Drucker amat sesuai menjadi
rujukan bagi pengurusan organisasi yang tidak berorientasikan keuntungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8.0 TANDA SERU ( ! )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hei, jaga sikit mulut itu!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nah, rasalah tikamanku ini!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jangan merokok!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">12. TANDA MIRING ( / )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">12.1 Sebagai pengganti kata</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan, atau dan per ataupun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>digunakan emasa menulis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nombor alamat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tun/Tan Sri/Datuk/Datin/Tuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Harga bunga itu 90 sen/kuntum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">No. 11, Jalan 12/146, Bandar
Tasik Selatan, 57000 Kuala Lumpur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•12.2 Dalam penomboran kod</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>surat rasmi, sistem fail<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DBP/2-4/324/6/5-3 (44)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">13.0 PENULISAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>KATA MAJMUK</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kata yang terbentuk dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merangkaikan dua atau lebih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sehingga membawa maksud</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>khusus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hampir semua kata majmuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dieja<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>secara terpisah dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bentuknya tidak boleh menerima</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebarang penyisipan unsur lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c. Empat jenis kata majmuk :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">i. Rangkai kata bebas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ii. Nama gelaran/jawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">iii. Istilah khusus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">iv. Kiasan/simpulan bahasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•13.1 Kata Majmuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rangkai Kata Bebas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tengah hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kereta api</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">alat tulis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kapal selam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•13.2 Kata majmuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gelaran/jawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">naib pemuda</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ketua wanita</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">timbalan presiden</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">inspektor polis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">13.3 Kata majmuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>istilah khusus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">alat pandang dengar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">cakera liut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">13.4 Kata majmuk kiasan/simpulan
bahasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kaki pukul</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">muka tembok</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">13.5 Kata majmuk yang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ditulis bercantum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">apabila</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">antarabangsa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tandatangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">setiausaha</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">jawatankuasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">bumiputera</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">warganegara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">13.6 Kalau kata majmuk menerima</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>imbuhan awalan atau akhiran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sahaja, ejaannya tetap terpisah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">terima pakai – diterima pakai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">temu duga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>– menemu duga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">13.7 Jika menerima apitan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kemas kini – pengemaskinian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">anak tiri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- menganaktirikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">SEKADAR RENUNGAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">jurukur atau juruukur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">sama ada atau samada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ibu bapa atau ibubapa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">bual bicara atau bicarawara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">14.0 PENULISAN KATA PUN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pun yang bermaksud juga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">atau lantas ditulis terpisah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berbanding dengan dia,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">saya pun hebat dalam perdebatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tanpa banyak bicara dia pun
pergi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">13 pun Yang Bersambung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">adapun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>andaipun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ataupun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">bagaimanapun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>biarpun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kalaupun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kendatipun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">lagipun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mahupun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>meskipun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">sekalipun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sungguhpun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">walaupun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">SEKADAR RENUNGAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jangankan dua kali sekali pun dia
tidak pernah menang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Surat itu telahpun ditaip.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Walau apapun yang terjadi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">saya tetap mencintainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">15.0 PENULISAN KATA GANDA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">i. Kata ganda penuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ii. Kata ganda separa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">iii. Kata ganda berentak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">15.1 Kata Ganda Penuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mukun-mukun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kecil-kecil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">molek-molek</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">cita-cita</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">minum-minum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">santai-santai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">15.2 Kata Ganda Separa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mengalu-alukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ternanti-nanti</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">sepandai-pandai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">bercakap-cakap</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">umpat-mengumpat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">15.3 Kata Ganda </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berentak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">porak-peranda</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">simpang-siur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">bukit-bukau</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">lenggang-lenggok</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kuih-muih</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">SEKADAR RENUNGAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sekiranya kata majmuk digandakan,
hanya kata pertama sahaja yang digandakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">menteri-menteri besar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kertas-kertas kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">rumah-rumah hijau</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•Sekiranya kata majmuk yang telah
mantap atau simpulan bahasa/kiasan yang digandakan, kedua-dua unsur perlulah
digandakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">warganegara-warganegara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tandatangan-tandatangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">setiausaha-setiausaha</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">16.0 PENGGUNAAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>KATA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">16.1 Bila dan Apabila</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bila dia sampai, dia terus marah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">16.2 Kedua dan Kedua-dua</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kedua ibu bapanya telah bercerai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">16.3 Karenah dan Kerenah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Karenah birokrasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">perlulah dikurangkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">16.4 Ia dan Ianya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ianya baru bermula.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•16.5 Mereka dan Mereka-mereka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mereka-mereka yang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mereka-rekakan cerita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">16.6 Dari dan Daripada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tangan yang menghulur lebih</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">baik dari yang menerima.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">16.7 Berbagai dan Pelbagai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berbagai data perlu dikumpul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">16.8 Setengah dan Sesetengah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Setengah perkara dapat dikompromi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">16.9 Ialah dan Adalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menurut Juita antara masalah
dihadapi sepanjang di luar negara ialah dari segi makan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Underwater World adalah akuarium
akuatik terbesar di Asia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">16.10 Prihatin dan Perihatin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keperihatinan kerajaan dengan
menghantar tim perubatan (MASMEDTIM) ke kawasan tersebut amat disanjung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">16.11 Adakah dan apakah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Apakah tindakannya itu betul?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dia sendiri pun tidak begitu
yakin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">apakah dia patut menerima lamaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Masniah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">17. SEKILAS TENTANG UNGKAPAN DAN
AYAT</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">17.1 Kata kerja transitif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a. Ada gadis yang tidak mahu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melaporkan kepada ibu bapa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kerana malu dan takut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•b. Menyentuh tentang agenda</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memartabatkan profesion</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keguruan dan kaitannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan kualiti guru, beliau</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berkata, aspek pemilihan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bakal guru telah diperketatkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">17.2 Ayat Tergantung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sebagaimana deritanya seorang
gadis muda yang bertandang ke rumah saya beberapa hari sebelum menjelang
Ramadan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">17.3 Pemilihan Ungkapan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">i. Pahang guna senjata sulit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kalahkan Selangor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ii. Seramai lebih 2,000
orang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pelawat telah mengunjungi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pameran Pendidikan yang telah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diadakan dari 13 hingga 15 Mei</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2005.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•TUJUH PROSES MANUSKRIP YANG
LEBIH BAIK</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Manuskrip yang baik adalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">merupakan gabungan dua aspek,
yakni SENI<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan KRAFTANGAN.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kesilapan sebahagian besar
penulis adalah mengharapkan editor menjalinkan kedua-dua unsur itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Proses 1 – KAWAL EDITOR</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>DALAMAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menulis itu seni, dan menyemak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">semula itu kraftangan. Jangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">biarkannya bermaharajalela dalam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">diri anda. Apabila menulis draf,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ketepikan soal bentuk dan gaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Semakin senang karya itu dibaca,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">maka kian payah usaha untuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">menulisnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•Proses 2 – BACA UNTUK</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MEYAKINKAN DIRI<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SENDIRI</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bacalah manuskrip itu berulang
kali. Yakinlah diri sendiri bahawa perkataan, ungkapan dan ayat adalah indah,
baik dan persis. Gaya bahasanya menarik. Jalan ceritanya menambat hati pembaca.
Usaha menambah baik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>karya itu hendaklah
terus dilakukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Proses 3 – BANYAK-BANYAKLAH
BERSABAR</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mustahil anda dapat menyemak dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mengeditkan karya itu sebaik
sahaja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">anda menyiapkannya. Perkataan,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ungkapan dan ayat yang hendaklah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">dipastikan dapat memberi kesan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">emosi kepada pembaca.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Proses 4 – GUNAKAN SENARAI SEMAK</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Semasa membaca manuskrip,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tanyakan pelbagai soalan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.Adakah pendulu karya itu akan
menguntungkan pembaca?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>*Maklumat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>*Menghibur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.Adakah pendulu itu menawarkan
fokus yang jelas dan spesifik?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Angle” atau “slant” (kecondongan) itu
menambat pembaca.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5. Sudahkah pembaca dipimpin
daripada satu persoalan kepada persoalan yang lain?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pertautan dan jalinan cerita antara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perenggan-perenggan atau dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bab-bab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6. Adakah cerita, persoalan, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mesej, watak dan perwatakan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang digarapkan memadai?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Judul?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tema?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Latar ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dialog?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pemilihan katanya?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7. Adakah anda lebih banyak </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menggunakan ayat aktif?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•Ayat pasif lazimnya mendorong
pembacaan yang pasif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•Ayat pasif memperlahankan aksi
dalam tulisan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•Penulisan yang berkesan dan
berkualiti itu memerlukan pelaku aksi itu di hadapan ayat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8. Adakah setiap ayat dibina dengan
kata kerja aktif?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kata kerja ialah unsur yang cukup
penting dalam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">binaan sesuatu ayat. Kata kerja
yang dipilih pun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">hendaklah Kuat, dan memberikan
kesan, misalnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">dengan menambahkan kata adjektif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dia merenung tajam wajah Rokiah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sufian memandang sayu kekasihnya
yang berlalu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">meninggalkannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perhatikan ayat pasif berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">i.Wajah Rokiah direnung tajam
oleh dia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ii.Kekasihnya yang berlalu pergi
dipandang sayu oleh Sufian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">9. Sudahkah anda menggantikan
kata- </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kata yang panjang dan sukar dengan kata
yang mudah dan ringkas?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Elakkan penggunaan perkataan yang bombastik dan dirasakan gah, tetapi
menyukarkan pemahaman <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembaca.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dekad daripada dasawarsa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>minggu daripada pekan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merah ungu daripada merah lembayung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sarapan daripada minum pagi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">10. Adakah anda menggunakan ayat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>panjang, pendek atau mempelbagaikannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengikut keadaan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kata-kata yang digunakan boleh sahaja
dalam</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bentuk anekdot, peribahasa, pantun,
syair,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dialog harian atau bahasa berirama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ayat yang berjela-jela hendak dielakkan
agar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>segala yang diungkapkan itu tidak menjadi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seperti khutbah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sesuatu perenggan itu paling banyak pun
lima</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>baris ayat, yakni sekitar 30 perkataan
untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>satu perenggan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Proses 5 – PASTIKAN SEMUA
MAKLUMAT,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>TERMASUK EJAAN DAN NAHU</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PERSIS</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Selepas mengedit karya itu anda
haruslah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">membaca karya itu sekali lagi.
Kali ini</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">pembacaan adalah secara perlahan
dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">teliti. Periksa semua fakta,
kata, petikan,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ejaan dan nahu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pastikan produk terakhir anda itu
sifar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kerancuan bahasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Proses 6 – MEMBUAT SEMAKAN DENGAN
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PANCAINDERA TELINGA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sekarang anda sudah mempunyai
manuskrip yang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">jelas dan padat. Baca sekali
manuskrip itu dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">nyaring. Membaca dengan nyaring
akan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">membolehkan kita menangkap nada
dan aliran cerita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Abu Bakar melontar ibu ciuman
dari atas keretapi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hatinya hancur bagaikan tauhu
terhempas ke batu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Proses 7 – DAPATKAN BANTUAN
APABILA PERLU</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a.Tunjukkan tulisan yang siap itu
kepada orang lain apabila anda sudah benar-benar bersedia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. Tunjukkan draf manuskrip anda
sebelum sampai ke peringkat akhir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c.Terimalah kritikan dengan hati
terbuka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•RENUNGAN TERAKHIR</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Aspek bahasa dalam penyunting
adalah merupakan asas kepada penyuntingan yang persis—yang tiada cacat celanya
dari aspek kerancuan bahasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">apam@dbp.gov.my</span></div>
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<![endif]-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-87410618098545856052013-06-23T09:06:00.000-07:002013-06-23T09:06:54.669-07:00KUBU BATANG PISANG<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-43596090607148391182013-06-23T09:02:00.002-07:002013-06-23T09:02:52.005-07:00TIKAMAN TODAK<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-34788679979304305472013-04-30T17:12:00.001-07:002013-04-30T17:12:28.595-07:00cerita padi.<span class="userContent" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}">Saat
kita menanam padi, rumput ikut tumbuh...TAPI saat kita menanam rumput,
tidak pernah tumbuh padi...Dalam melakukan kebaikan, kadang-kadang hal
yang buruk turut menyertai...NAMUN saat melakukan keburukan, tidak
pernah ada kebaikan bersamanya.Jangan bosan berbuat baik, meski kadang
tidak sempurna.Manusia sempurna justru karena memiliki kekurangan di
samping kelebihan dan kelemahan selain kekuatannya.</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-73682646526543747392013-04-16T02:50:00.002-07:002013-04-16T02:50:47.493-07:00SULALATUS SALATIN<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Petikan 1 (halaman 130)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Hatta maka sekali persetua, kuda
kenaikan Sultan Mansur Syah jatuh ke pelindungan tahi, seorang pun tiada hendak
menambatkan tali kepada kuda itu. Setelah dilihat oleh Laksamana Hang Tuah
orang yang beratus-ratus itu seorang pun tiada mau turun mengambil kuda itu,
maka Hang Tuah pun segera terjun ke dalam pelindungan itu, ditambatkannya tali
pada kuda itu. Maka diudaoranglah ke atas. Setelah kuda itu naik, maka Hang
Tuah pun naik ; tubuh dan muka Hang Tuah penuhlah dengan tahi sampai ke
kepalanya, lalu ia pergi mandi berlangit, berbedak. Setelah Sultan Mansur Syah
melihat kuda baginda sudah naik itu, maka terlalulah sukacita baginda ;
beberapa puji baginda akan Hang Tuah, serta dianugerahi persalinan dengan
sepertinya.</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.35pt;" valign="top" width="196">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fakta </span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 302.85pt;" valign="top" width="404">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Cinta akan negara</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.35pt;" valign="top" width="196">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Huraian /contoh:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(Pro dan kontra)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 302.85pt;" valign="top" width="404">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Perasaan sayang dan bangga kepada negara serta meletakkan kepentingan
negara melebihi kepentingan diri.Seekor kuda Sultan Mansur Syah terjatuh ke
dalam pelindungan tahi (jamban).oleh sebab tiada sesiapa yang mahu
mengeluarkan kuda itu, Hang Tuahlah yang masuk ke dalam pelindungan tahi
tersebut. Beliau berjaya mengeluarkan kuda tersebut dan hal ini
menggembirakan Sultan Mansur.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.35pt;" valign="top" width="196">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kesan:</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 302.85pt;" valign="top" width="404">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Setiap warganergara perlulah berbakti dan cintakan tanah air supaya bagi
menjamin keharmonian dalam masyarakat.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 322.35pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 322.35pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 322.35pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 322.35pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Agency FB","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEMBANGUNAN NEGARA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NASIONALISME</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">PETIKAN 2
(HALAMAN 93)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bermula akan Tun Kudu itu anak Bendahara Seri
Wak Raja, saudara Paduka Raja, diperisteri oleh Sultan Muzaffar Syah, terlalu
baik rupanya ; tetapi matanya juling sedikit. Setelah didengar oleh Sultan
Muzaffar Syah, Seri Nara Diraja mau akan Tun Kudu itu, sesaat itu juga ditalak
oleh baginda, dihantarkan ke rumah Paduka Raja, diberi belanja, disuruh
berhadir akan dikahwinkan dengan Seri Nara Diraja. Maka kata anak buah Seri
Nara Diraja.</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 601px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-row-margin-right: .5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 140.1pt;" valign="top" width="187">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">FAKTA</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 310.1pt;" valign="top" width="413">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">BERKORBAN
UNTUK NEGARA</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="1"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 301.55pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-row-margin-right: .5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 301.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 140.1pt;" valign="top" width="187">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">HURAIAN / CONTOH;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">(Pro dan Kontra)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 301.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 310.1pt;" valign="top" width="413">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Semenjak Paduka Raja (Tun
Perak) menjadi pembesar, orang- Melayu telah berpecah kepada dua kumpulan –
satu kumpulan memihak kepada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paduka
Raja dan satu kumpulan lagi memihak kepada Bendahara Seri Nara Diraja.
Kedua-dua pembesar itu sendiri sering <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">berselisih
faham</b> (bersinggit). Keadaan ini menimbulkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kebimbangan</i> di hati Sultan Muzaffar Syah. Sultan Muzaffar Syah
telah menawari Bendahara Seri Nara Diraja, yang telah kematian isteri itu,
dengan beberapa rang perempuan untuk dikahwininya. Beliau telah memilih Tun
Kudu untuk dikahwininya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perkahwinan tersebut telah merapatkan
hubungan Bendahara Seri Nara Diraja dengan Paduka Raja, malah Seri Nara
Diraja sendiri telah mencadangkan supaya baginda Sultan melantik Paduka Raja
sebagai bendahara.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder;" width="1"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 34.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 34.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 140.1pt;" valign="top" width="187">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Kesan:</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 310.6pt;" valign="top" width="414">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Sebagai seorang warganegara, kita
mestilah berkorban untuk negara untuk mengelakkan perpecahan kaum atau bangsa
demi kepentingan bersama.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #ffc000; font-family: "Snap ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 24.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">NASIONALISME</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Petikan 3 (halaman 118):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Maka Sultan Mansur Syah pun
berkira-kiraakanpergikeMajapahit,beranirasanyabagindaakangaluhMajapahititu.BagindamemberititahkepadaBendaharaPaduka
Raja menyuruhberlengkap;makabaginda pun mengerahsegala orang
supayaberlengkapperahu,masing-masingdengankuasa.Ada lima ratusbanyaknyaperahu
yang besar-besar,lain pula perahu yang
kecil-keciltiadaterbilang;keranapadamasaitukelengkapanSingapurasahajaseratusbuahlancaranbertiangtiga.Sungai
Raya pun demikianjuga.MakaBendaharaPadukaRaja,dan Seri Nara Diraja,dan Seri
BijaDirajadansegalahulubalang yang
besar-besar,ditinggalkanBagindamenungguinegeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="TableGrid1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Fakta :</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 381.25pt;" valign="top" width="508">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kepatuhandankesetiaan yang
berkekalankepada Raja dan Negara</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Huraian / contoh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(pro dankontra )</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 381.25pt;" valign="top" width="508">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">BendaharaPaduka Raja ( Tun Perak )
seorang yang patuhdansetiakepada Raja danNegara.Contohnyabeliaumenjadipenasihat
Sultan dalamhal-halpentadbirandanpendapatbeliaudiikutioleh Sultan
.Beliauterlibatsecaralangsungketikapemerintahan Sultan MuzaffarSyah, Sultan
Mansur Syah, Sultan Alau’d-Din<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>RiayatSyah,
dan Sultan Mahmud<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Syah.Beliaumahumemastikankedudukannegeri
Melaka tetapmantapdankeamanantetapterjamin.SekiranyaTun Perak
tidakmenjadipenasihat yang baikkepada Raja dan Negara maka Sultan
tidakakandapatmentadbirnegaradenganbaik. </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kesan:</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 381.25pt;" valign="top" width="508">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Sebagaiseorangpelajar,
sikappatuhdantaatperludiamalkansupaya Negara sentiasaamandandamai.Selainitu,
nasihatmenasihatiperludilakukan agar kesejahteraan Negara
dapatdirasaibersama.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Petikan 4 (halaman 140):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Setelah Sultan Mansur Syahmelihat Hang Tuahdatang, makadianugerahibagindaayapan.Setelahsudah
Hang Tuahmakan,makaoleh Sultan Mansur
Syahdiambilkerisdaripadapinggangbaginda,”Basuhkanarang di mukaaku.”Makasembah
Hang Tuah,”Insya-Allah Taala,baiklahtuanku”.Maka Hang Jebat pun
menjunjungduli,lalupergimendapatkan Hang Jebat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="TableGrid1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Fakta :</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 381.25pt;" valign="top" width="508">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Peristiwapertikaman Hang Tuahdan
Hang Jebat</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Huraian / Contoh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>( Pro danKontra ) </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 381.25pt;" valign="top" width="508">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Sultan Mansur
Syahmemberikerisbagindakepada Hang Tuahdanbagindamenyuruh Hang
Tuahuntukpergimendapatkan Hang Jebatuntukmembersihkannamabaginda .Maka Hang
Tuah pun pergikeistanauntukmembunuh Hang Jebat .Setelah lama
merekaberbalastikam, akhirnya Hang Jebatterbunuh.Mayat Hang
Jebatdibuangkelautdananakbininyaturut di buang .Kaki
tiangrumahdantanahbekasrumah Hang Jebatdigalidandibuangkelaut.Sekiranya Hang
Tuahtidakmendapatkankepercayaandaripada Sultan Mansur Shah maka Sultan Mansur
Shah tidakakanmemberikerisnyakepada Hang Tuah.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kesan :</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 381.25pt;" valign="top" width="508">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Sebagaiseorangpelajar, kepatuhan
yang utuhperlulahditerapdalamdiri agar mendapatkepercayaandaripadaibubapadan
guru.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-71801146990569336312013-04-16T02:47:00.002-07:002013-04-16T02:47:56.305-07:00NOVEL SBDKL<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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Petikan 1(halaman 113):</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Syarikat Lombong Lembah Tualang telah ditubuhkan. Encik
Muhammad bin Idris duduk bertafakur di atas sejadah, berzikir dan berdoa. Dia
baru selesai sembahyang sunat syukur dan sunat tahjjud. Dia mencuba sedaya
upaya menheningkan cipta, mengosongkan hati nubarinya dari segala was-was dan
khannas, menyerah seikhlas-ikhlasnya kepada Allah subhanahu wa taala. Dia
memohon petunjuk dan hidayat, mohon taufik dan bimbingan untuk kejayaan
usahanya mengendalikan syarikat yang baru ditubuhkan itu.</div>
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<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.0pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fakta:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berbakti kepada
Negara melalui pembukaan Lombong Lembah Tualang</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Huraian/contoh:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Pro &
Kontra)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">En.Muhammad
mengambil risiko untuk berhenti kerja dan membuka Syarikat Lombong Lembah
Tualang untuk kepentingan dirinya dan penduduk kampung. En.Muhammad dijadikan
pengerusi syarikat kerana dia dipercayai dapat mempengaruhi penduduk Kampung
Pulai, sebuah kampung yang termasuk dalam kawasan yang akan dilombong. Jika
sekiranya En.Muhammad tidak mengambil risiko untuk membuka syarikat tersebut
nescaya dia tidak akan berjaya menjadi ahli perniagaan yang tersohor dan
penduduk kampung Lembah Tualang tidak akan berkembang maju.</span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.0pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesan</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kita perlu
mengambil sedikit risiko bagi mencapai kejayaan dalam hidup agar kita terus
maju kehadapan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Petikan 2(halaman 34)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pekan Tualang telah dibersihkan.Bendera-bendera negeri dan
bendera Persekutuan berkibaran pada tiap kedai.Pintu gerbang telah dibina dekat
batu tanda Majlis Bandaran,sebuah lagi dekat rumah rehat,sebuah dekat simpang
masuk bandar dan sebuah di perimpangan ke pejabat daerah. Kelab pegawai
kerajaan di hujung padang bola itu pun sudah diberihkan dan di hias dengan
bendera dan panji-panji.Keliling padang juga di barisi oleh panji-panji
berbagai warna Duli Yang Maha Mulia Baginda Sultan akan berangakat mengadakan
lawatan 2 hari mulai esok.Tiap-tiap tahun peritiwa begitu berlaku.Baginda
Sultan berangkat menemui rakyat dari daerah ke daerah sebulan dua sebelum
perayaan puja umur Baginda.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">FAKTA</span></div>
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TAAT SETIA KEPADA RAJA DAN NEGARA</div>
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<br /></div>
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HURAIAN/CONTOH</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
(pro dan kontra)</div>
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Sifat kesetiaan rakyat terhadap raja akan membentuk suasana
keharmonian dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat.Ini dapat dilihat di dalam novel
SBDKL<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melalui peristiwa penghortmatan
rakyat tehadap raja dengan mengingati dan meraikan sambutan ulang tahun Duli
Yang Maha Mulia Baginda Sultan dengan gilang-gemilang di Pekan Tualang
denagan kerjasama penduduknya.Sekiranya,rakyat Pekan Tualang tidak
berkerjasama untuk meraikan sambutan ulang tahun Sultan maka tidak mungkin
sambutan tersebut diraikan dengan jayanya dan hubungan rakyat dengan raja
tidak beroleh kesejahteraan.</div>
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<br /></div>
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KESAN</div>
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Setiap warganegara perlu menumpahkan taat setia kepada raja sebagai
pemimpin tertinggi dalam negara kita yang mengamalkan konsep demokrasi
beraja.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Petikan 3 (halaman 39)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Ah,
bukan ladang, kebun saja, barangkali empat lima ekar. Entahlah.Saya pun tak
tahu sangat tujuannya.Tapi agak saya dia nak ajar budak- budak di sini berusaha
menanam orkid untuk dijadikan perniagaan.Bunga orkid memang laku di bandar-
bandar, bahkan laku dijual ke luar negeri.</span></div>
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<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.55pt;" valign="top" width="109">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fakta : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Melakukan
kebaktian untuk masyarakat dan negara </span></div>
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</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.55pt;" valign="top" width="109">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Huraian
/Contoh:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 1.25pt; mso-element-top: 17.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Pro dan
Kontra)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 412.9pt;" valign="top" width="551">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 1.25pt; mso-element-top: 17.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berbakti
kepada masyarakat dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>negara merupakan
satu amalan yang baik. Sebagai contoh peristiwa berbakti kepada masyarakat
dan negara dapat dilihat melalui watak Cik Puan Tipah dalam novel Saudagar
Besar dari Kuala Lumpur yang telah mengusahakan penanaman kebun orkid kerana
dia juga meminati bidang perniagaan. Pada masa yang sama dia telah mengajar
penduduk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jeram Medang mengusahakan
tanaman orkid untuk mengubah kehidupan mereka agar hidup lebih senang dan
dapat meningkatkan ekonomi negara. Hal ini kerana, kegiatan penanaman orkid
yang dilakukan oleh Cik Puan Tipah ini dapat mempelbagaikan ekonomi negara
sekaligus membantu meningkatkan ekonomi negara. Kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh
Cik Puan Tipah ini juga dapat membantu masyarakat untuk memajukan diri
mereka. Jika sekiranya, Cik Puan Tipah tidak bertindak sedemikian, sudah
tentu masyarakat dan negara tidak akan maju dari sudut ekonomi serta sosial.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 1.25pt; mso-element-top: 17.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.55pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 1.25pt; mso-element-top: 17.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kesan :</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 412.9pt;" valign="top" width="551">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 1.25pt; mso-element-top: 17.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebagai
seorang pelajar, kita haruslah berbakti kepada negara dalam apa jua bentuk
sumbangan untuk memajukan negara dan memperbaiki sistem sosial dalam hidup
kita.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">BERBAKTI<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>KEPADA
NEGARA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Petikan 5 (halaman 16 dan 23)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kemudian
segera dia mencapai gambar Robert,anak sulungnya yang kacak berumur 23
tahun.Dua tahun lagi anaknya akan pulang dari London dengan ijazah Kejuruteraan
Lombong itu pilihan ayahnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Rahim,terutamanya akhir-akhir ini kerap menulis dari London tentang
kemerosotan moral di seluruh dunia oleh kerana manusia sekarang telah
menurunkan darjat mereka menjadi hamaba kepada kekayaan,hamba hawa nafus,hamba
kemewahan dan kemalasan.Manusia sekarang tidak mempertahankan dirinya lagi
sebagai manusia,makhluk Allah yang berdarjat.</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -26.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 720px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 31.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Fakta
:</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 5.5in;" valign="top" width="528">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Berbakti
Kepada Negara</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 200.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 200.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Huraian/Contoh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">(Pro
dan Kontra )</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 200.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 5.5in;" valign="top" width="528">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Nasionalisme
adalah satu ideologi yang mencipta dan mempertahankan kedaulatan sesebuah
negara dengan mewujudkan satu konsep identiti bersama untuk sekumpulan manusia.Rahim
dan Robert telah pergi belajar ke luar negara iaitu London untuk mempelajari
ilmu dalam Jurusan Kejuruteraan Lombong untuk memajukan perlombongan bijih
timah di Kampung Pulai apabila mereka pulang ke tanah air suatu hari nanti
.Jika sekiranya Rahim dan Robert tidak dihantar ke luar negara mereka tidak
akan dapat menyumbang bakti kepada negara dalam ilmu perlombongan.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 56.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 56.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Kesan
:</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 56.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 5.5in;" valign="top" width="528">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Setiap
warganegara perlu menyumbangkan bakti kepada negara agar negara dapat
berkembang dengan lebih maju.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: page; mso-table-left: center; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 303.05pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 697px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.65pt;" valign="top" width="140">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 303.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
Fakta</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 417.9pt;" valign="top" width="557">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 303.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
Berbakti
untuk negara</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.65pt;" valign="top" width="140">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 303.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
Huraian
/ Contoh</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 303.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
(pro
dan kontra)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 417.9pt;" valign="top" width="557">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 303.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
(watak
: YB Muhd Yusuf)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 303.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
Sudin
memulakan ucapan itu dengan menyatakan tuan pegawai daerah dan pegawai FELDA
datang adalah untuk memberitahu tentang syarat-syarat dan kewajipan orang
kampung apabila nanti telah diterima masuk ke rancangan FELDA. Sudin juga
menyatakan kemasukan ke rancangan FELDA dapat mengubah nasib dan masa depan
mereka. Sudin memuji dan menyebut jasa-jasa YB Muhd Yusuf yang membukakan
jalan dan mendapatkan kemudahan untuk orang Kampung Pulai. Jika sekiranya YB
Muhd Yusuf tidak membantu penduduk Kampung Pulai sudah pasti penghuni di
kampung tersebut tidak akan dapat menikmati kehidupan yang lebih baik dan
untuk kepentingan generasi akan datang.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.65pt;" valign="top" width="140">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 303.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
Kesan</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 417.9pt;" valign="top" width="557">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 303.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
Kita
mestilah sentiasa memastikan setiap orang mendapat kebebasan untuk melangkah
kepada hidup yang lebih baik</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Petikan
4 : (halaman 328)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Orang bertepuk lagi dan sudin bertambah gembira.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Yang Berhormat Muhd.Yusuflah
yang membukakan jalan dan mendapatkan kemudahan untuk kita sekalian maju selangkah
kepada hidup yang lebih baik dan lebih senang.Dia bukan memikirkan kita saja
tetapi yang pentingnya anak cucu kita di kemudian hari.”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-71639167507020546662013-04-16T02:45:00.001-07:002013-04-16T02:45:10.425-07:00FUNGSI SASTERA DALAM KEHIDUPAN MASYARAKAT<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengenalan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sastera terhasil dari
kesedaran dan keinginan pengarang atau masyarakatnya untuk berkongsi maklumat
dan hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan kehidupannya. Mereka menggunakan sumber
daripada persekitaran, pengalaman, pemerhatian atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembacaannya untuk mengetengahkan sesuatu
yang menarik untuk dikongsi. Lantaran itu sesebuah karya sastera tidak
dihasilkan dengan kekosongan atau tanpa sebab sebagaimana dijelaskan oleh Mohamad
Mokhtar Hassan (2005). Beliau berpendapat bahawa teks atau karya sastera adalah
rakaman imaginasi pengarang yang di dalamnya sarat dengan maklumat dan isian
sama ada bersifat keintlektualan mahupun kerohanian. <span style="color: red;">(Konsep
1)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sesuatu
yang dipaparkan dalam karya tersebut mempunyai tujuan dan fungsinya yang
tersendiri berdasarkan pertimbangan dan pengamatan pengarangnya<span style="color: red;">.(Konsep 2)</span> Dalam konteks ini, Muhammad Haji Salleh
(2000), berpendapat bahawa peranan dan fungsi sastera zaman tradisional lebih
luas dan pelbagai cabarannya. Beliau berpandangan bahawa fungsi kesusasteraan
pramoden ternyata lebih besar berbanding dengan fungsinya pada zaman moden agak
menipis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan
dua pandangan tersebut dapat dirumuskan bahawa sastera sebagai hasil karya
kreatif dan imaginatif berfungsi dan mempunyai tujuan dan fungsi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tertentu penghasilannya. Dalam hal ini
beberapa sarjana tempatan melalui kajian dan tulisan mereka telah menggariskan
pelbagai berhubung dengan fungsi sastera. Antaranya, pandangan daripada Ramli
Isin, Muhammad Haji Salleh, Usman Awang dan Hashim Awang. (<span style="color: red;">Sorotan Kajian</span>) Berdasarkan pendapat tersebut dapat
dirumuskan bahawa peranan dan fungsi sastera merangkumi aspek luaran dan
dalaman yang dapat dikesan melalui genre sastera tradisional mahupun genre
moden. <span style="color: red;">(Batasan Kajian)</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Objektif Kajian</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Justeru
penulisan esei ini akan <u>mengenal pasti fungsi dan peranan sastera Melayu<span style="color: red;"> (objektif Kajian 1)</span></u>. Di samping itu, penulisan
ini juga akan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">membincangkan fungsi dan peranan sastera dengan
merujuk kepada <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sastera yang bermula
daripada tradisi lisan hinggalah kepada tradisi tulisan atau era kemodenan</span></u>.
<span style="color: red;">(Objektif Kajian 2).</span> Dalam hubungan ini,
perbincangan akan menjurus kepada beberapa fungsi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sastera yang telah dikenal pasti iaitu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>sebagai medium protes atau kritik sosial </u>,
<span style="color: red;">(sub topik 1)</span> <u>medium hiburan</u><span style="color: red;">, (sub topik 2), </span><u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai medium mendidik masyarakat <span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(sub topik 3)</span>,
dan sebagai dokumentasi masyarakat</u> <span style="color: red;">(sub topik 4<u>)</u></span>
akan dibincangkan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Beberapa karya
daripada pelbagai genre akan digunakan sebagai bahan perbincangan merangkumi
puisi dan prosa tradisional serta puisi dan prosa moden. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kaedah
yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah <u><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">kaedah perpustakaan</span></u> <span style="color: red;">(Kaedah Kajian-
Apa, Mengapa,Bagaimana)</span> iaitu dengan merujuk kepada bahan-bahan tulisan
seperti tesis, jurnal, kertas kerja serta tulisan-tulisan ilmiah di beberapa
perpustakaan antaranya Perpustakaan Negeri, Pusat Sumber Daerah dan XXXXXXXXX.
Selain itu, maklumat dan sumber rujukan juga diperoleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melalui dalam talian<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">. Bahan rujukan yang dipilih bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
maklumat yang sahih yang ditulis oleh pakar atau pengkaji yang berkaitan dengan
bidang kajian ini. Dalam hal ini, sumber rujukan yang berkaitan dengan aspek
kajian akan <u>dipilih dan digunakan sebagai sumber rujukan</u>. Sumber rujukan
yang dipilih ini digunakan untuk memantapkan konsep, mengukuhkan huraian
mahupun memperoleh contoh-contoh yang berkaitan.</span></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis
dan Perbincangan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hubungan
antara sastera sangat erat. Lantaran <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>itu
sesebuah karya itu dihasilkan untuk dimanfaatkan oleh manusia dan masyarakat
yang berkaitan dengan kehidupan. Justeru penjelasan berhubungan dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fungsi sastera secara langsungnya berkaitan
dengan persoalan hidup dan kehidupan masyarakat yang akan dijelaskan secara
rinci.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fungsi
Sastera sebagai <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Medium Protes dan Kritik
Sosial</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sastera adalah
rakaman kehidupan yang mengali dan menyelongkar kehidupan manusia daripada
pelbagai dimansi dan sudut pandang yang berbeza-beza. Sesuatu yang dipaparkan
dalam sastera adalah sesuatu yang berlaku dan terjadi dalam reality kehidupan
manusia. Hal ini kerana sastera adalah gambaran kehidupan manusia sebagaimana
ditegaskan oleh Usman Awang, A. Samad Said dan Dharmawijaya. Lantaran itu,
karya sastera bukan sahaja merakamkan sesuatu yang luar biasa tetapi pekara
yang biasa tetapi diolah dalam bentuk karya kreatif yang indah sifatnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berasaskan
pertimbangan bahawa karya sastera berfokuskan masyarakat, kehidupan dan
manusia, tentunya hubungan dan pertalian antara ketiga-tiga entiti ini saling
berkaitan. Dalam konteks masyarakat yang pelbagai susun lapis dan kehidupan
yang melatari menjadikan wujudnya jurang dalam kalangan mereka. Hal ini akan
mempengaruhi tindakan dan susila adab sama ada untuk tujuan menegur, mengkritik
mahupun menyampaikan mesej. Dalam masyarakat terdapat pelbagai watak yang mempunyai
peranan tertentu dalam masyarakatnya. Namun dalam keadaan tertentu mereka tidak
dapat melaksanakan tugas sebagaimana diamanahkan. Misalnya berhubung konsep
perjuang terdapat pelbagai tafsiran yang diketengahkan dengan merujuk dua buah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Harga Sebuah Maruah </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Titis Darah Terakhir</i>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dalam hal ini, pengarang kedua-dua novel
menggunakan landasan yang sama iaitu menggunakan watak dapat di kesan walaupun
terdapat perbezaan dari aspek cara perjuangan tersebut dipaparkan dalam
karya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hal ini dikesan dalam contoh
petikan di bawah :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 1.0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“…Dalam
hidup ini kita tidak harus terus di belenggu dengan tekanan yang melulu. Kita
harus berani untuk membebaskan diri tanpa rasa ragu kerana itu hak kita<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tetapi jangan sampai membelakangi
undang-undang.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 1.0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Harga
Sebuah Maruah</i>)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam petikan di atas,
jelas memperlihatkan bahawa konsep perjuangan yang berasaskan pertimbangan akal
. Hal ini dapat dikesan melalui frasa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tetapi jangan sampai membelakangi
undang-undang</i>.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Namun dalam novel <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Titis Darah Terakhir </i>karya Adhyat Helmy memperlihatkan
perbezaan konsep perjuangan. Hal ini dapat dikesan melalui petikan berikut;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 1.0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“…
Jangan ada seinci tanah kita tergadai,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">biar darah kita kering di badan, namun
sesekali menyerah tidak sama sekali</i>. Ini hak kita dan hak kita perlu
dipertahankan”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan petikan
tersebut jelas memperlihatkan bahawa perjuangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>untuk menegakkan hak memerlukan pengorbanan dan memerlukan pertumpahan
darah.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hal ini dapat dikesan melalui frasa
“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">biar darah kita kering di badan, namun
sesekali menyerah tidak sama sekali</i>”.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ulas dan kaitkan dengan kritik
sosial</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sastera
Sebagai Medium Hiburan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penutup</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan
penelitian dan perbincangan yang telah dilakukan dapat dirumuskan bahawa ………….(maklumat
yang berkaitan dengan dapatan kajian - dikaitkan dengan objektif kajian,
pandangan, cadangan dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ulasan
keseluruhan.)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BIBLIOGRAFI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hashim
Awang. 1997. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kritikan Kesusasteraan:
Teori dan Penulisan</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mana
Sikana.1990. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sastera Melayu Moden:
Perubahan dan Tamadun</i>. Bandar Baru Bangi. Penerbitan Karyawan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mohamad
Mokhtar Hassan (xxxx). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY</i>.
Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Muhammad
Haji Salleh.2000. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV</i>.
Kuala Lumpur. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Radiah
Yusoff dan Nor’Aini Ismail. ( 2000 ). “Weltanschauung Semantik Melayu Terhadap
Sungai : Kajian Makna Tak Harafiah dalam Bahasa Kiasan dan Pantun<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jurnal
Dewan Bahasa</i>, 44 ( 7 ): 738-748.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">http//www.sastera melayu dan kritik
sastera.html/index</span></u></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(19 Disember
2012)</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-90831165528070514872013-04-16T02:42:00.002-07:002013-04-16T02:42:47.819-07:00SULALATUS SALATIN<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Ekonomi dalam
Sejarah Melayu (Sulalatus Salatin)</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.5pt;"><br />
Kegiatan ekonomi yang penting bagi teks Sulalatus Salatin dikaitkan dengan
kegiatan pertanian. Bukit Siguntang adalah kawasan perhumaan yang menggambarkan
wujud kegiatan pertanian dan cita masyarakat setempat yang ingin kaya raya
punya emas segala. Lalu anganan para penduduk yang ingin kaya raya itu
diimaginasikan melalui cerita ajaib dengan harapan menjadi kenyataan.
Kedatangan keturunan raja Melaka dikatakan telah mengubah tanaman berkenaan
iaitu pokok padi berbuah emas, berdaun perak dan berbatangkan suasa.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Sejarah Melayu juga
telah mengemukakan aspek ekonomi lampau yang menjurus kepada sistem ekonomi
sara diri sebagaimana yang digambarkan dalam cerita Badang. Badang digambarkan
sebagai seorang penangkap ikan yang berperang dengan unsur alam termasuk unsur
ghaib seperti hantu. Persoalan tentang kaedah untuk mendapat sumber pendapatan
ini ditunjukkan bagaimana Badang menggunakan lukah untuk menangkap ikan. Namun
lukahnya sering tidak berhasil dan rosak kerana ada faktor halangan yang
diungkap melalui kehadiran seekor hantu. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br />
Berikutan diri Badang yang semakin kuat kudratnya, kegiatan ekonominya bertukar
menjadi seorang yang mampu membersihkan kebun dan hutan. Lalu sebahagian
masyarakat memanfaatkan kemampuan Badang yang perkasa untuk tujuan aktiviti
pertanian mereka. Kekuatan Badang juga adalah gambaran cita-cita masyarakat
pada masa itu yang mengharapkan teknologi tertentu yang memudahkan kerja
seharian mereka dengan mengimaginasikan Badang menjadi kuat kerana makan muntah
hantu. Jika dilihat pada masa kini, Badang yang dimaksudkan kini adalah sebuah
jentera berat yang juga mampu melakukan kerja dengan mudah dan pantas. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br />
<br />
Badang adalah sumber manusia yang lebih dikenali sebagai buruh dalam istilah
ekonomi. Dia adalah pekerja yang berkesan kerana sifatnya yang rajin. Malah
Badang juga adalah pekerja yang sangat produktif kerana kuat bekerja dan
mempunyai kekuatan. Sebagai sumber ekonomi yang penting, Badang telah
menyubangkan sesuatu yang bermakna demi keajuan sesebuah penempatan iaitu di
negara Singapura. Sekiranya seorang yang bernama Badang mampu memberikan
sumbangannya dengan maksimum, sudah tentu jika wujud ramai orang seperti
Badang, sesebuah negara akan terus maju dan lebih makmur. Jika keadaan berlaku
sebaliknya, kemungkinan yang akan berlaku juga menjadi sebaliknya. Negara akan
mundur dan tidak mampu menjana pendapatan negara yang lebih tinggi kerana
masyarakatnya malas dan bersifat lemah.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br />
<br />
Terdapat juga unsur ekonomi yang berkait dengan perniagaan yang dapat
dibuktikan melalui aktiviti pedagang Arab yang datang berniaga di Melaka dan
pada masa yang sama mengembangkan agama Islam. Usaha golongan peniaga yang
datang ke Melaka bukan sahaja mampu meningkatkan pendapatan para pedagang,
malah ia akan mampu memberikan peluang kepada penduduk tempatan dari sudut
memenuhi keperluan hidup samada dalam bentuk barangan ataupun perkhidmatan.
Jika orang Melaka ingin mendapatkan pakaian, maka para pedagang akan dapat
memenuhi kehendak mereka. Jika Melaka memerlukan sejumlah barangan yang lebih
banyak, maka kegiatan import perlu dilakukan. Hal ini telah dilakukan oleh
Sultan Mahmud, di mana beliau telah mengarahkan Hang Nadim supaya membeli kain
di India. Hang Nadim telah diminta membeli 40 jenis kain dengan 40 warna.
Setiap jenis kain pula mengandungi mengandungi 40 corak. Malangnya usaha
terebut tidak berjaya, kerana kapal Hang Nadim telah tenggelam dipukul ribut.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Perkataan
"mengenali dagang dan santeri" adalah menggambarkan betapa pembesar
negara amat menjaga kepentingan golongan peniaga. Golongan peniaga dianggap
sebagai sangat penting kerana mereka menyumbang kepada pendapatan negara.
Banyak golongan berkepentingan (stakeholder) yang mengharapkan sumbangan
kekayaan peniaga. Namun malangnya keadaan menjadi tidak terkawal dan wujudlah
rasuah dan pembunuhan. Hal ini boleh memberi kesan kepada kejatuhan negara
seperti Melaka. Oleh itu negara kita juga harus menghindarkan diri dari rasuah
kerana ia boleh mengundang kepada salah satu sebab kejatuhan negara.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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dapat dikaji berdasarkan Sejarah Melayu ini adalah tertumpu kepada kegiatan
pertanian, perdagangan, import barangan dan juga urusniaga di pelabuhan.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-32806514267031988812013-04-16T02:41:00.001-07:002013-04-16T02:41:15.075-07:00SAUDAGAR BESAR DARI KUALA LUMPUR<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><i><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Saudagar Besar Dari Kuala Lumpur</span></i></b><b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;"> dan DEB</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Oleh
SAIFULLIZAN YAHAYA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;"><br />
NOVEL Saudagar Besar Dari Kuala Lumpur ditulis secara bersiri dalam akhbar
Mingguan Malaysia dan Utusan Zaman mulai 22 Mac hingga 8 November 1981.
Kemudian diterbitkan semula oleh Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka pada tahun 1982 dalam
bentuk novel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Novel ini secara keseluruhannya cuba membincangkan
Dasar Ekonomi Baru (DEB) yang telah digubal oleh kerajaan pada tahun 1970
setelah berlakunya tragedi hitam negara pada 13 Mei 1969. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Sebagai tawarikh kemerdekaan yang tersirat,
kemerdekaan negara yang sebenarnya tercapai selepas peristiwa 13 Mei 1969,
walaupun secara tersurat negara telah diberi kemerdekaan pada 1957, tetapi itu
hanya satu bentuk perjanjian di atas meja. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Hakikat ini dapat dilihat kerana selepas sahaja
peristiwa berdarah itu, pihak kerajaan tersedar dan insaf bahawa betapa
perlunya mereka merangka beberapa matlamat dan dasar untuk dijadikan panduan
dalam memelihara kedaulatan negara dan membangunkan sumber-sumber yang dimiliki
demi untuk kemajuan dan pembangunan rakyatnya yang berbilang kaum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">DEB dengan strategi pentingnya adalah untuk memupuk
semula perpaduan dan membina semula negara selepas pengalaman 13 Mei 1969.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Sebagai pengarang yang berpegang teguh kepada konsep
ASAS 50, iaitu Seni untuk Masyarakat, Keris Mas juga dapat dilihat menggerakkan
novel itu daripada ideologi tersebut. Selain itu, novel ini juga ditulis
berkemungkinan kesan daripada buku Revolusi Mental tulisan Datuk Senu Abdul
Rahman (1970) yang membincangkan tentang ehwal sejarah bangsa Melayu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Keris Mas menggunakan buku Revolusi Mental dalam
penulisan novel Saudagar Besar Dari Kuala Lumpur kerana semangat Melayu yang
cuba dimotivasikan oleh buku ini jelas dapat dilihat pada seorang tokoh utama
yang menjadi pusat naratif novel ini, iaitu Muhammad. Hampir keseluruhan sikap
yang cuba dimotivasikan itu terimej pada watak tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Namun begitu, perbincangan ini hanya akan menumpukan
kepada beberapa inti pati penting daripada DEB untuk melihat sejauh mana
pandangan Keris Mas terhadap pelaksanaan dasar ini kepada masyarakat Malaysia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">DEB telah dibahagikan kepada tujuh perkara sebagai
garis panduan kerajaan mencapai dasar tersebut. Melalui tujuh perkara tersebut,
dikesani Keris Mas telah menerapkan beberapa dasar yang penting dan seterusnya
menjadi pokok perbincangan dalam novelnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Perkara pertama, dalam DEB ialah pengurangan
ketidakseimbangan ekonomi di antara kaum secara muktamad dari segi pendapatan,
pekerjaan dan kekayaan. Seperti yang dicatatkan dalam Buku Dasar Ekonomi Baru:
Inti pati, matlamatnya adalah untuk membawa perubahan dalam sistem ekonomi
terutamanya dalam kalangan orang Melayu kerana kerajaan percaya bahawa sistem
`aparteid' telah digunakan oleh kolonial Inggeris dalam agihan ekonomi di Tanah
Melayu demi keselamatan mereka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Peranan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Demi mengubah status orang-orang Melayu yang telah
ketinggalan jauh itu, kerajaan telah menyarankan agar orang-orang Melayu
bekerja keras dalam meningkatkan taraf hidup mereka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Mereka perlu melibatkan diri secara aktif dalam
ekonomi negara. Cadangan kerajaan ini adalah untuk melihat kebolehan dan
memberi pengalaman kepada orang Melayu dalam pembahagian dan pembangunan sumber
ekonomi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Dalam Saudagar Besar Dari Kuala Lumpur, Keris Mas
telah memberi peranan penting kepada Muhammad, iaitu seorang saudagar yang
menguruskan sebuah anak syarikat milik saudagar Cina, Datuk Tan Chong Seng.
Syarikat ini menguruskan import eksport lada hitam. Namun kebijaksanaan dan
sikap hemah Muhammad telah melawan arus sikap orang Melayu lama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Kebenaran ini diperlihatkan apabila Datuk Tan kagum
pada kebolehan dan keberanian Muhammad dalam membuat sesuatu rundingan
perniagaan. Kekaguman Datuk Tan kepada Muhammad dalam mentadbir dan mengurus
anak syarikatnya menyebabkan beliau menjadikan Muhammad sebagai rakan kongsi perniagaan
dalam syarikat import eksport lada hitam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Berdasarkan contoh di atas, Keris Mas cuba membentuk
personaliti watak Melayu yang dikehendaki oleh DEB. Dalam dasar kerajaan
tersebut orang Melayu harus diberi peluang saksama membentuk kekayaan baru dalam
proses pembangunan negara. Selain itu orang Melayu juga harus berani merebut
peluang, seperti Muhammad yang mencuba menerima cabaran dan risiko dalam bidang
perniagaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Dalam perkara pertama DEB itu juga dimaklumkan bahawa
untuk memperkembangkan kebolehan orang Melayu, langkah-langkah yang akan
diambil oleh kerajaan dalam mempertingkatkan kebolehan orang-orang Melayu ialah
memberikan pendidikan dan latihan kemahiran terutama kepada generasi muda.
Pendidikan penting dalam pembangunan sesebuah negara kerana generasi mudalah
nanti yang akan mewarisi kepimpinan negara seterusnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Selain untuk membangunkan negara melalui pendidikan,
kerajaan juga melihat faktor pendidikan sebagai tonggak penting membentuk satu
sistem nilai baru kepada generasi muda terutamanya dari segi perpaduan negara
dan penyatuan kaum </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Seruan kerajaan ini telah dilukiskan oleh Keris Mas
pada watak Rahim, iaitu anak kepada Muhammad dan Robert, anak kepada Datuk Tan.
Kedua-dua mereka sedang menuntut di England, berumur 23 tahun, rakan karib dan
mengambil pengkhususan dalam bidang yang sama, iaitu kejuruteraan lombong.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Kedua-dua watak ini sebenarnya ialah wakil generasi
muda yang menjadi harapan kerajaan untuk sama-sama menggerakkan pembangunan
negara seperti dalam pernyataan DEB tentang pentingnya pendidikan dalam negara
membangun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Sehubungan dengan itu, jika kita melihat bidang
pengkhususan yang diambil oleh kedua-dua anak muda itu juga selaras dengan
galakan kerajaan yang mahu bidang kemahiran tinggi. Pengkhususan yang diambil
oleh kedua-dua anak muda itu juga secara tersirat digambarkan oleh Keris Mas
betapa bidang kejuruteraan yang sinonim dengan pembangunan adalah penting dan
simbol kepada pembangunan negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Selain itu, imej Rahim yang mewakili orang Melayu dan
Robert yang mewakili orang Cina dan merupakan rakan karib sejak bersekolah lagi
adalah imej perpaduan antara kaum yang cuba diutuskan oleh Keris Mas dalam
novel ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Dalam perkara pertama DEB juga disentuh tentang
rancangan pembangunan wilayah baru atau dikenali sebagai tanah rancangan
seperti Felda. Melalui program tanah rancangan ini, kerajaan menempatkan orang
Melayu dan seterusnya menyediakan sumber pekerjaan kepada mereka. Tujuan tanah
rancangan ini adalah untuk mengurangkan ketidakseimbangan ekonomi orang Melayu
yang keseluruhan masih tinggal di desa-desa yang telah kekurangan sumber dan
mengalami kejumudan sikap menyebabkan mereka berada dalam kemiskinan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Program tanah rancangan ini juga berkaitan dengan
perkara kedua DEB yang penting, iaitu membasmi kemiskinan terutama orang-orang
Melayu. Mengikut pemerhatian kerajaan yang serius, pada tahun selepas merdeka
kadar kemiskinan sangat tinggi di kawasan luar bandar dan juga orang-orang
Melayu di bandar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Justeru, dalam Saudagar Besar Dari Kuala Lumpur, Keris
Mas menggambarkan imej orang Melayu di Lembah Tualang dan Jeram Medang, iaitu
kampung Muhammad yang rata-rata masih bergantung hidup pada sawah dan getah
yang pada waktu itu tidak lagi menjadi sumber pendapatan penting. Faktor ini
menyebabkan penduduk Melayu di situ berada dalam kemiskinan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Untuk menyelesaikan kemelut kemiskinan yang dialami
oleh kebanyakan penduduk Lembah Tualang dan Jeram Medang, Muhammad, telah mengusahakan
perpindahan orang Lembah Tualang dan Jeram Medang ke tanah rancangan Felda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Dalam perkara ketiga DEB pula, kerajaan mahu
melibatkan orang-orang Melayu ke dalam sektor-sektor moden. Penglibatan orang
Melayu ini penting demi menjamin kesamarataan agihan sumber hasil bumi negara
dengan bangsa asing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Oleh itu melalui Saudagar Besar Dari Kuala Lumpur,
Keris Mas telah meneroka satu bidang yang baru walaupun bidang ini sebenarnya
telah diceburi oleh pembesar Melayu di zaman kolonial British dahulu. Bidang
yang dimaksudkan itu ialah bidang perlombongan bijih timah. Lembah Tualang ini
menurut pendapat pakar kaji bumi masih lagi kaya dengan hasil bijih timah. Hal
ini menarik minat Datuk Tan dan rakan kongsinya Muhammad yang mempunyai
pengaruh keturunan di Lembah Tualang untuk menjalankan kembali projek cari gali
bijih timah di sana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Hasrat ini secara tidak langsung menggambarkan
bagaimana proses kemasukan orang Melayu, Muhammad ke dalam satu bidang
perniagaan yang moden, iaitu dalam sektor perlombongan. Di samping itu,
kerjasama yang digambarkan antara Datuk Tan dan Muhammad melambangkan bagaimana
bentuk agihan itu boleh terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Dalam perkara keempat DEB pula kerajaan mahu
menggiatkan penggunaan sumber tenaga sepenuhnya dalam sektor moden. Dalam erti
kata lain kerajaan mahu mengurangkan masalah pengangguran terutama dalam
kalangan orang Melayu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Perkara kelima DEB pula menggariskan bentuk peranan
kerajaan-kerajaan negeri dan persekutuan serta agensi yang berkaitan dalam
membentuk ekonomi negara. Dalam novel ini, watak YB Muhammad Yusuf adalah
sebagai wakil kerajaan negeri. Beliau menjadi rujukan Muhammad dalam
menyelesaikan isu tanah penduduk Lembah Tualang dan Jeram Medang. Dengan kuasa
kerajaan yang miliki oleh YB Muhammad Yusuf, beliau telah menguruskan perpindahan
penduduk Lembah Tualang ke tanah rancangan Felda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Sebagai seorang pengarang Islam, Keris Mas telah
memberi penilaian kepada DEB yang secara keseluruhan masih mempunyai kelemahan.
Kelemahan yang dikesani oleh Keris Mas ialah tentang aspek pembangunan rohaniah
Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Atas kesedaran ini juga, Keris Mas telah melontarkan
pemikirannya tentang perlunya pembangunan agama seiringan dengan pembangunan
fizikal agar pembangunan yang ingin dicapai dan dicita-citakan oleh kerajaan
itu lengkap dan sempurna. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Justeru melalui tokoh generasi muda Rahim yang
mendapat pendidikan di luar negara dan Lebai Maarup yang hanya mendapat
pendidikan setakat SPM melontarkan pesan kepada Muhammad dan juga kerajaan
bahawa dalam mengejar kekayaan asas-asas keagamaan jangan dipinggirkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Selain itu, Muhammad, iaitu seorang saudagar dari
Kuala Lumpur yang menjadi judul novel secara simboliknya ialah imejan kepada
DEB. Rahim secara simbolis mewakili golongan intelektual-akademik yang akhirnya
berjaya mengingatkan ayahnya tentang nilai-nilai budaya bangsa yang harus
dipelihara dalam mengejar kekayaan material.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: MS;">Lebai Maarup pula lambang kepada golongan agama-ulama
yang mahu pembangunan rohani tidak dipinggirkan juga akhirnya berjaya
mengingatkan Muhammad tentang kepentingan agama dalam mengejar pembangunan
fizikal. Manakala YB Muhammad Yusuf lambang kepada kuasa kerajaan. Begitulah
Keris Mas membuat penilaiannya terhadap DEB yang dirangka oleh kerajaan untuk
memacukan pembangunan negara Malaysia.<span class="msoIns"><ins></ins></span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-42188193022737726012013-04-01T23:34:00.001-07:002013-04-01T23:34:14.390-07:00PEMBANGUNAN MASYARAKAT - SDBKL<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 318.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PEMBANGUNAN MASYARAKAT </b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>SOSIAL </b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>BUDAYA</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Kehendak sukatan KMK:</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Calon seharusnya dapat;</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(a) Mengenal pasti dan menghubungkaitkan
budaya setempat dalam kehidupan seharian</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Takrifan &
Skop Budaya:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
“…rangkuman segala aspek hidup manusia, baik dalam bentuk
fikiran, kepercayaan, perlakuan ataupun penghasilan dalam sesuatu masyarakat
yang diterima oleh sebahagian besar serta anggotanya dan mewarisinya
turun-temurun. Dengan perkataan lain kebudayaan termasuklah bentuk sosial,
politik, adat dan istiadat sesebuah serta ekonomi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sesebuah negara masyarakat.”</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Harun Daud,
Sejarah Melayu, satu kajian daripada aspek Persejarahan Budaya, DBP, 1989.
Hlm.8)</i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SOALAN RANGSANGAN
SAUDAGAR BESAR DARI KUALA LUMPUR (SBDKL) – BUDAYA</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SOALAN 1:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Novel Saudagar Besar dari Kuala Lumpur
jelas memaparkan masyarakat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Melayu baik
yang mendiami desa mahupun yang mendiami kota, masih kuat berpegang kepada
budaya dan tradisi masyarakat Melayu yang menjadi amalan warisan turun temurun.
Ulaskan penyataan ini.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">[ 25 markah ]</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SKEMA JAWAPAN:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Pendahuluan:
(3 markah)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Budaya dan tradisi masyarakat Melayu seperti
yang digambarkan menerusi novel SBDKL jelas memperlihatkan keterikatan dan
pautan masyarakat Melayu dengan adat istiadat dan budaya Melayu yang menjadi
amalan seharian mereka sama ada yang tinggal di kota mahupun desa.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Antara budaya dan tradisi masyarakat Melayu yang
dapat dikesan dalam novel SBDKL ialah mementingkan hubungan kekeluargaan,
mengekalkan makanan tradisional Melayu, budaya kunjung mengunjung, membawa buah
tangan, meningkatkan hubungan ukhuwah (persahabatan) menerusi fungsi masjid dan
surau, mengekalkan gelaran atau panggilan hormat sesama anggota keluarga atau
gelaran pangkat seseorang, melayan tetamu, dan sebagainya.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Budaya dan tradisi Melayu ini dalam sesetengah
keadaan dianggap punca dan penghalang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kemajuan dan menimbulkan perbalahan atau konflik antara sesama kelompok
masyarakat</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
F1:
Mementingkan hubungan kekeluargaan</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
F2:
Mengekalkan makanan tradisi Melayu</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
F3:
Budaya kunjung mengunjung </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
F4:
Budaya menyapa dan bertanya khabar</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
F5:
Berniaga berorientasikan skala kecil </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
F6:
Budaya berderau (gotong royong) majlis kenduri kendara</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
F7:
Menjadikan masjid atau surau sebagai tempat menjalani ibadah dan merapatkan
ukhuwah (persahabatan)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
F8:
Penentuan/pemilihan jodoh atas restu orang tua</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
F9:
Melayan tetamu dengan baik</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
F10:
Menjaga adab sopan dalam tingkah laku dan pertuturan</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
F11:
Memanggil gelaran hormat dan pangkat berdasarkan faktor hubungan nasab/keturunan,
umur, kedudukan dalam masyarakat</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
F12:
Pekerjaan berlatar belakangkan warisan/tradisi generasi terdahulu</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
F13:
Mementingkan semangat kejiranan</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
F14:
Mementingkan adat istiadat dilaksanakan mengikut tradisi Melayu dan agama Islam</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
F15:
Percaya kepada perkara khurafat /kuasa-kuasa lain selain Tuhan (tafsiran
mimpi/alamat buruk) </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
F16:
Menghormati/menyanjung isntitusi Raja</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">* Pilih mana-mana 5 isi sahaja. (5F x 2
markah = 10 markah, 5HC x 2 markah = 10 markah --- 20 markah)</i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">** Huraian + Contoh : Mohon guru mengembangkan
idea dengan inisiatif sendiri.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Kesimpulan:
(2 markah)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Masyarakat Melayu yang mendiami kota dan desa
berdasarkan novel SBDKL masih utuh mengamalkan tradisi dan budaya Melayu.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Namun demikian, ada juga watak-watak tertentu
yang mewakili kelompok Melayu memecahkan tradisi dan budaya Melayu dengan
melonggarkan/mengabaikan/meninggalkan budaya dan amalan masyarakat Melayu. Etc:
Mat Akil – tidak beradab sopan, kasar, tidak menghormati orang yang lebih tua,
menghina dan menganiayai golongan agama dsb.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SOALAN 2:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Budaya niaga masyarakat Melayu dengan
masyarakat Cina ketara berbeza seperti yang diungkapkan oleh Keris Mas menerusi
Novel Saudagar Besar dari Kuala Lumpur. Jelaskan penyataan ini dengan
mengemukakan bukti dan contoh yang tepat.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">[ 25 markah ]</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SKEMA JAWAPAN:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pendahuluan: (3
markah)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pemikiran “bisnes” / pemikiran niaga antara
masyarakat Melayu (Peniaga Melayu) dengan masyarakat Cina (Peniaga Cina)
sememangnya ketara berbeza.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Perniagaan orang Melayu terikat dengan
batas/syariat agama manakala masyarakat Cina masih mementingkan nilai moral
namun lebih mengutamakan keuntungan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">profit
based</i>).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Perbezaan budaya niaga orang Melayu dengan orang
Cina ada kaitan dengan budaya dan prinsip, latar belakang pendidikan, latihan
dan pendedahan, perancangan strategik, modal kekuatan persatuan dan sebagainya.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Isi-isi
Penting:</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F1: Orang Melayu lebih memilih perniagaan
berasaskan warisan turun temurun manakala orang Cina lebih gemar menjalankan
perniagaan yang berbentuk “penerokaan baharu”</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Jika mengusahakan perniagaan warung –<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>biasanya waris akan menyambung usaha bapa/generasi awal. Contoh: Pak
Salim</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
En. Muhammad<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sendiri ingin mengembalikan
legasi perniagaan bapa dan datuknya mengusahakan lombong bijih timah walaupun
pada masa yang sama beliau sudah ada anak syarikatnya sendiri yang berstatus
enterprise yang bernaung di bawah syarikat Datuk Tan Enterprise.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F2: Orang Cina lebih suka mempelbagaikan
jenis perniagaan manakala orang Melayu cenderung menjalankan perniagaan tipikal
Melayu yang berbentuk stereotaip (sama).</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Datuk Tan Chong Seng selain mempunyai estet getah (180 ekar Pekan
Tualang…hlm.11) juga mahu perniagaannya bersama-sama dengan Encik Muhammad
diperluaskan kepada perniagaan import eksport lada hitam ke pasaran tempatan
dan Jerman. Beliau juga mempunyai agenda untuk menghidupkan semula legasi
lombong bijih timah yang pernah diusahakan oleh datuknya bersama-sama dengan mendiang
datuk, Datuk Tan Chong Seng.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F3: Orang Melayu suka perniagaan yang tidak
berisiko atau kurang berisiko manakala orang Cina berani mengusahakan perniagaan
yang berisiko dan berisiko tinggi</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berdasarkan novel SBDKL banyak memaparkan
perniagaan orang Melayu yang tidak berisiko tinggi seperti membuka gerai jualan
makanan dan minuman, peraih ikan dan menjual ikan di pasar, mengusahakan
perniagaan atap dan lain-lain.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F4: Orang Cina gemar perniagaan yang
bersifat Glokal / Domestik dan Antarabangsa (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Global and Local Based</i>) manakala orang Melayu kurang mempunyai
perancangan bisnes bersifat antarabangsa</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Walaupun idea banyak yang muncul daripada Encik Muhammad yang ingin mengadakan
dagangan lada hitam dengan syarikat Tuan Von Braun dari Frankfurt, Jerman namun
pemikiran dan idea itu sudah ada dalam kotak pemikiran Datuk Tan (hlm.8)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Datuk Tan begitu yakin dan positif dengan langkah proaktif Encik Muhammad
melakukan perbincangan dan rundingan secara intensif (giat) dengan rakan niaga
dari Frankfurt, Jerman itu.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F5: Orang Melayu gemar perniagaan berbentuk
kecil-kecilan dengan modal yang terhad manakala orang Cina gemar kepada
perniagaan yang berskala besar dengan modal yang besar serta mengambil untung
berdasarkan untung atas angin (komisen)…(hlm.5)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Walaupun idea itu kebanyakannya datang daripada idea Encik Muhammad, namun
Datuk Tan seolah-olah mahu menguji kebijaksanaan Encik Muhammad untuk
memaparkan strategi bisnesnya. Buktinya dia tahu ke mana matlamat dan hala tuju
pemikiran bisnes Encik Muhammad yang dilihatnya bertepatan dengan idea dan
kehendaknya. Bukti lain, Datuk Tan tidak menghalang/membantah idea Encik
Muhammad untuk mengambil untung perniagaan menerusi “untung komisen”.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F6: Orang Melayu gemar mengambil jalan
singkat dengan berperanan sebagai broker atau agen atau orang tengah dalam
perniagaan dan bukannya sebagai pemain utama (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">key players)</i> dalam perniagaan</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Yang Berhormat Mohd Yusof mempunyai agenda secara tersirat mempengaruhi
Penghulu Mahmud untuk membenarkan Encik Chan mengusahakan tanah milik Penghulu
Mahmud dan warisnya (Encik Muhammad dan adik beradik yang lain) di Jeram Medang
untuk dijadikan kawasan perumahan. Hasilnya beliau akan menerima komisen yang
lumayan daripada Encik Chan.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Sudin gemar menjadi “broker kereta” dan “broker tanah” walaupun telah
berkecimpung agak lama dalam perniagaan ini, sebaliknya lebih gemar memperoleh untuk
yang minimum /sedikit hasil jualan kereta dan tanah dan bukannya mahu menjadi
pengusaha kedai jualan kereta terpakai atau menjadi broker tanah berlesen.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F7: Orang Melayu gemar berjoli dengan hasil
untung perniagaan yang diperoleh tetapi sebaliknya orang Cina gemar mengumpul
dana sedikit demi sedikit untuk agenda dan perancangan perniagaan masa hadapan
yang lebih mencabar.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Datuk Tan menyimpan wang sedikit demi sedikit sehingga berjaya membeli tanah
seluas 180 ekar di Pekan Tualang dan mengusahakan ladang/estet getah. Dari situ
dia berganjak dengan menubuhkan perniagaan enterprisenya dan
perniagaan-perniagaan yang lain.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Sudin sering berjoli dengan wang hasil komisennya sebagai broker tanah. Dia
sering ke Genting Highland dan sering kalah judi. Dia tidak mempunyai agenda
khusus untuk menyimpan wang bagi mengusahakan perniagaan yang dipeloporinya
itu.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F8: Orang Melayu sesetengahnya mempunyai
pemikiran tinggi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk melangkah jauh
dalam bidang perniagaan tetapi mempunyai kekangan dari segi syariat (agama),
pembahagian harta pusaka (hukum faraid), faktor insaniah (faktor kemanusiaan)
dan sebagainya. Peniaga Cina kurang menghadapi kekangan untuk melangkah jauh
dalam bidang perniagaan.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Encik Muhammad walaupun punya wawasan perniagaan yang jauh tetapi terpaksa
berhadapan dengan seribu satu halangan. Antaranya, tanah di Jeram Medang dan Kampung
Pulai terikat dengan hak pembahagian harta pusaka (adik beradiknya: kesemuanya
telah meninggal kecuali Penghulu Mahmud dan dirinya yang masih hidup). Anak
saudaranya pula (pewaris harta iaitu anak-anak kakaknya (3 orang kakaknya yang
telah meninggal dunia) memohon saham perniagaan sekiranya tanah yang hendak
diusahakan Encik Muhammad untuk dijadikan perusahaan lombong bijih timah itu menjadi
kenyataan. Encik Muhammad tidak boleh memonopoli tanah milik keluarganya secara
total dan personal. Hal ini merupakan halangan besar kepada dirinya.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F9: Orang Melayu/peniaga Melayu kurang
mempunyai perancangan strategik dalam perniagaan berbanding dengan orang-orang
Cina atau peniaga Cina. </b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Orang Cina/peniaga Cina bijak mengatur strategi mempergunakan orang-orang
Melayu untuk mencapai hasrat perniagaan mereka. Misalnya Encik Chan bijak
mempergunakan YB Muhd Yusuf dan Sudin untuk mempengaruhi Penghulu Mahmud untuk
menjalankan usahasama membangunkan kawasan perumahan di Jeram Medang
menggunakan tanah milikan keluarga Penghulu Mahmud. Gambaran ini jelas, kerana
Encik Chan tidak mahu dirinya dikenali sebagai pemaju yang akan mengusahakan
kawasan perumahan tersebut.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Begitu juga Datuk Tan mempnyai kekuatan akses mempergunakan bakat dan kemahiran
Encik Mhammad untuk memastikan Penghulu Mahmud atau Encik Muhammad mendapat
gelaran Orang Kaya agar Sultan akan menjadi pendokong (back-up) utama
perniagaan lombong bijih timah yang akan diusahakan oleh mereka nanti.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">* Pilih mana-mana 5
isi sahaja. (5F x 2 markah = 10 markah, 5HC x 2 markah = 10 markah --- 20
markah)</i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
** Huraian + Contoh : Mohon guru modified / edit
menggunakan inisiatif sendiri.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kesimpulan: (2 markah)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pemikiran bisnes antara orang Melayu/peniaga
Melayu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan pekmikiran bisnes orang
Cina / Peniaga Cina ternyata berbeza.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Orang Cina / peniaga Cina ternyata berjaya
melangkah jauh dalam bidang perniagaan / maju dalam bidang perniagaan kerana
mempunyai persiapan yang rapi dari sudut ilmu berniaga, berfikir di luar kotak,
berani berdepan dengan risiko, berperancangan dan berstrategi, suka meneroka
bidang perniagaan yang baharu, tidak menghadapi kekangan yang serius dari segi
agama, tuntutan harta warisan dan sebagainya. Hal ini berbeza dengan orang
Melayu/peniaga Melayu.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>SOALAN-SOALAN TAMBAHAN UNTUK
PERBINCANGAN </u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SOALAN 3:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Encik Muhammad bin Idris merupakan watak
protagonis dalam Novel Saudagar Besar dari Kuala Lumpur. Beliau mempunyai visi
yang jelas dan berhasrat untuk melakukan anjakan bagi mengubah nasib penduduk
Kampung Pulai menerusi projek lombong bijih timah yang mahu diusahakannya.
Namun demikian pemikiran dangkal sesetengah masyarakat kampung yang memandang
serong akan usahanya itu telah mencetuskan konflik dengan penduduk kampung. </b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bincangkan, sejauh manakah beliau berjaya
mengubah mentaliti masyarakat kampungnya dalam konteks kemajuan Kampung Pulai.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">[ 25 markah ]</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SOALAN 4:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kekangan adat merupakan faktor utama yang
menghalang impian Encik Muhammad bin Idris merealisasikan cita-citanya untuk
membangunkan masyarakat Kampung Pulai.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sejauh manakah anda bersetuju dengan penyataan ini. Bincangkan.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">[ 25 markah ]</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SOALAN 5:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gaya hidup masyarakat bandar ketara berbeza
dengan gaya hidup masyarakat desa atau kampung. Berdasarkan novel Saudagar
Besar dari Kuala Lumpur;</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bincangkan
perbezaan gaya hidup masyarakat bandar dengan gaya hidup masyarakat desa. </b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sejauh
manakah masyarakat kota dapat menyesuaikan gaya hidup masyarakat kampung.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 5.5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">[ 25 markah ]</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-18368719808795579632013-04-01T23:30:00.001-07:002013-04-01T23:30:17.230-07:00Sulalatus Salatin<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br />
Ekonomi dalam Sejarah Melayu (Sulalatus Salatin)</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.5pt;"><br />
Kegiatan ekonomi yang penting bagi teks Sulalatus Salatin dikaitkan dengan
kegiatan pertanian. Bukit Siguntang adalah kawasan perhumaan yang menggambarkan
wujud kegiatan pertanian dan cita masyarakat setempat yang ingin kaya raya
punya emas segala. Lalu anganan para penduduk yang ingin kaya raya itu
diimaginasikan melalui cerita ajaib dengan harapan menjadi kenyataan.
Kedatangan keturunan raja Melaka dikatakan telah mengubah tanaman berkenaan
iaitu pokok padi berbuah emas, berdaun perak dan berbatangkan suasa.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Sejarah Melayu juga
telah mengemukakan aspek ekonomi lampau yang menjurus kepada sistem ekonomi
sara diri sebagaimana yang digambarkan dalam cerita Badang. Badang digambarkan
sebagai seorang penangkap ikan yang berperang dengan unsur alam termasuk unsur
ghaib seperti hantu. Persoalan tentang kaedah untuk mendapat sumber pendapatan
ini ditunjukkan bagaimana Badang menggunakan lukah untuk menangkap ikan. Namun
lukahnya sering tidak berhasil dan rosak kerana ada faktor halangan yang
diungkap melalui kehadiran seekor hantu. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br />
Berikutan diri Badang yang semakin kuat kudratnya, kegiatan ekonominya bertukar
menjadi seorang yang mampu membersihkan kebun dan hutan. Lalu sebahagian
masyarakat memanfaatkan kemampuan Badang yang perkasa untuk tujuan aktiviti
pertanian mereka. Kekuatan Badang juga adalah gambaran cita-cita masyarakat
pada masa itu yang mengharapkan teknologi tertentu yang memudahkan kerja
seharian mereka dengan mengimaginasikan Badang menjadi kuat kerana makan muntah
hantu. Jika dilihat pada masa kini, Badang yang dimaksudkan kini adalah sebuah
jentera berat yang juga mampu melakukan kerja dengan mudah dan pantas. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br />
<br />
Badang adalah sumber manusia yang lebih dikenali sebagai buruh dalam istilah
ekonomi. Dia adalah pekerja yang berkesan kerana sifatnya yang rajin. Malah
Badang juga adalah pekerja yang sangat produktif kerana kuat bekerja dan
mempunyai kekuatan. Sebagai sumber ekonomi yang penting, Badang telah
menyubangkan sesuatu yang bermakna demi keajuan sesebuah penempatan iaitu di
negara Singapura. Sekiranya seorang yang bernama Badang mampu memberikan
sumbangannya dengan maksimum, sudah tentu jika wujud ramai orang seperti
Badang, sesebuah negara akan terus maju dan lebih makmur. Jika keadaan berlaku
sebaliknya, kemungkinan yang akan berlaku juga menjadi sebaliknya. Negara akan
mundur dan tidak mampu menjana pendapatan negara yang lebih tinggi kerana
masyarakatnya malas dan bersifat lemah.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br />
<br />
Terdapat juga unsur ekonomi yang berkait dengan perniagaan yang dapat
dibuktikan melalui aktiviti pedagang Arab yang datang berniaga di Melaka dan
pada masa yang sama mengembangkan agama Islam. Usaha golongan peniaga yang
datang ke Melaka bukan sahaja mampu meningkatkan pendapatan para pedagang,
malah ia akan mampu memberikan peluang kepada penduduk tempatan dari sudut
memenuhi keperluan hidup samada dalam bentuk barangan ataupun perkhidmatan.
Jika orang Melaka ingin mendapatkan pakaian, maka para pedagang akan dapat
memenuhi kehendak mereka. Jika Melaka memerlukan sejumlah barangan yang lebih
banyak, maka kegiatan import perlu dilakukan. Hal ini telah dilakukan oleh
Sultan Mahmud, di mana beliau telah mengarahkan Hang Nadim supaya membeli kain
di India. Hang Nadim telah diminta membeli 40 jenis kain dengan 40 warna.
Setiap jenis kain pula mengandungi mengandungi 40 corak. Malangnya usaha
terebut tidak berjaya, kerana kapal Hang Nadim telah tenggelam dipukul ribut.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Perkataan
"mengenali dagang dan santeri" adalah menggambarkan betapa pembesar
negara amat menjaga kepentingan golongan peniaga. Golongan peniaga dianggap
sebagai sangat penting kerana mereka menyumbang kepada pendapatan negara.
Banyak golongan berkepentingan (stakeholder) yang mengharapkan sumbangan
kekayaan peniaga. Namun malangnya keadaan menjadi tidak terkawal dan wujudlah
rasuah dan pembunuhan. Hal ini boleh memberi kesan kepada kejatuhan negara
seperti Melaka. Oleh itu negara kita juga harus menghindarkan diri dari rasuah
kerana ia boleh mengundang kepada salah satu sebab kejatuhan negara.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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dapat dikaji berdasarkan Sejarah Melayu ini adalah tertumpu kepada kegiatan
pertanian, perdagangan, import barangan dan juga urusniaga di pelabuhan.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-8602567748782155592013-04-01T23:24:00.001-07:002013-04-01T23:24:18.903-07:00SOALAN -PEMBANGUNAN MASYARAKAT : TEKS SULALATUS SALATIN (SS) - MOBILITI<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 318.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2. PEMBANGUNAN MASYARAKAT : </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 318.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TEKS SULALATUS SALATIN (SS) - MOBILITI</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>SOSIAL </b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.2.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>MOBILITI</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Kehendak sukatan KMK:</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Calon seharusnya dapat;</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(a) Menghuraikan mobiliti sosial dalam
pembangunan masyarakat</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Takrifan &
Skop Mobiliti Sosial:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Konsep mobiliti sosial merujuk kepada
proses seseorang watak/individu berubah atau bergerak posisi atau kedudukan
mereka daripada satu tahap ke tahap yang lain sama ada secara menurun atau
menaik dalam sesebuah masyarakat. Perubahan kedudukan dalam masyarakat ini
boleh jadi berlaku disebabkan oleh perubahan dari segi pendidikan, pangkat,
kekayaan, perubahan status hubungan kekeluargaan, penglibatan dalam politik,
kegiatan bermoral dan tidak bermoral, kesalahan jenayah dan sebagainya.
Individu atau watak yang tidak mengalami sebarang perubahan statusnya dalam
masyarakat kerana tiada kontak dengan faktor-faktor perubahan sosial itu tadi
dianggap tiada anjakan dari segi mobiliti sosialnya dan dianggap mengalami
mobiliti sosial yang mendatar atau statik.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SOALAN RANGSANGAN TEKS
SULALATUS SALATIN (SS) – MOBILITI</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SOALAN 1:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Teks Sulalatus Salatin (Sejarah Melayu)
banyak mengisahkan perubahan status (mobiliti sosial) seperti yang terakam
dalam teks tersebut. Dengan merujuk watak-watak yang terlibat dan peristiwa
yang dialami, bincangkan perubahan status sosial yang berlaku ke atas
watak-watak yang terlibat, jenis mobiliti sosial sama ada menaik atau menurun, punca
berlaku dan kesan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mobiliti sosial
tersebut.[ 25 markah ]</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SKEMA JAWAPAN:</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pendahuluan: (3 markah)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Teks Sulalatus Salatin (Sejarah Melayu) banyak
merakamkan perubahan status sosial yang dialami oleh watak-watak penting dalam
pengkisahan sejarah ini. Perubahan status sosial ini melibatkan kelompok Raja
dan kerabatnya, pembesar-pembesar utama negara, kelompok agama dan golongan
rakyat biasa/hamba.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Perubahan status sosial / taraf dalam masyarakat
di zaman pemerintahan Kesultanan Awal Melayu (Kerajaan Melayu Palembang, Bentan
dan Temasik/Singapura) dan Kesultanan Melayu Melaka disebabkan oleh faktor
perkahwinan, penghormatan, jasa dan bakti terhadap Sultan/Pemerintah, kebolehan
istimewa, kekayaan, peperangan, korban penyelesaian konflik, dan faktor suaka
politik (perlindungan politik).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Interaksi watak dengan kontak sosial, ekonomi,
politik, agama dan sebagainya akan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menyebabkan berlakunya perubahan status
menegak (menaik) atau menurun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kepada
watak-watak atau individu yang terlibat. Kesannya individu itu akan dipandang
mulia dan hormat oleh Sultan dan pemerintah luar, masyarakat setempat dan sebagainya.
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Isi-isi Penting: (Mobiliti Sosial Menurun)</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F1: Demang Lebar Daun </b>(Pembesar/Pemerintah
Kerajaan Palembang)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> dan Wan Seri Beni
(Puteri Raja Bintan) </b>memberi laluan kepada Seri teri Buana (Nila Utama)
untuk menjadi Raja di dua kerajaan itu sebagai penghormatan bahawa Seri Teri
Buana berketurunan Nabi Adam, Iskandar Zulkarnain dan Raja kerajaan besar dari
Benua Keling iaitu salasilah daripada Anak Raja Suran. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Faktor Mobiliti:
Penghormatan/Ketokohan/Ehsan</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jenis Mobiliti: Menurun</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Berlaku
penurunan status sosial ke atas kedua-dua pemimpin utama ini setelah kerajaan
itu diserahkan kepada Seri Teri Buana (Nila Utama) atas rasa hormat
(penghormatan), ketokohannya dan perasaan belas kasihan (ehsan) kerana STB
tiada kerajaan yang besar seperti saudara kandungnya Nila Pahlawan (Raja Daerah
Minangkabau) dan Krisyna Pandita (Kerajaan Tanjung Pura).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Mobiliti sosial menurun ini berlaku ke atas Demang Lebar Daun kerana pada
ketika itu Kerajaan Palembang belum mempunyai seorang Raja. Beliau adalah
selaku Demang (pemerintah bertaraf pembesar) mahu supaya Palembang setara
dengan kerajaan lain seperti Minangkabau dan Tanjung Pura yang telah mempunyai
Raja iaitu setelah Nila Pahlawan dan Krisyna Pandita iaitu saudara/adik beradik
kepada Nila Utama. Demang Lebar Daun daripada menjadi pemerintah utama
Palembang (bertaraf Raja) kemudiannya menurunkan tarafnya menjadi pembesar
mewakili rakyat Palembang bertaat setia kepada Nila Utama (Seri Teri Buana).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Wan Seri Beni (Puteri Raja Bintan) menyerahkan takhta dan kerajaannya setelah
menjadikan Seri Teri Buana (STB) sebagai anak angkatnya. Dia sanggup turun
takhta menjadi ibu angkat kepada STB kerana menyedari dia seorang perempaun yang
telah berusia dan percaya kebolehan STB memimpin kerajaannya. Mobiliti sosial
menurun ini jelas berlaku ke atas Wan Seri Beni dan dia bertindak sebagai
penasihat kepada STB sehinggalah STB membuka pula kerajaan baharu iaitu
Kerajaan Temasik /Singapura.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC3:
(Kesan Mobiliti): STB menjadi lebih yakin membuka dan mengasaskan kerajaan yang
lebih besar iaitu Singapura setelah mendapat dokongan kedua-dua pemerintah ini
iaitu Demang Lebar Daun dan Wan Seri Beni. Segala kekuatan (rakyat dan hasil
mahsul negeri Palembang dan Bintan) digunakan untuk membuka kerajaan baru iaitu
Kerajaan Singapura.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F2: Tun Kudu </b>anak Bendahara Seri Wak
Raja (kakak Tun Perak) telah mengalami penurunan darjat/status daripada
bertaraf permaisuri Sultan Muzaffar Shah (Raja Kassim) menjadi isteri pembesar
Melaka (isteri kepada Seri Nara Diraja) bagi mengelakkan konflik antara
pembesar utama negeri iaitu Seri Nara Diraja dengan Tun Perak.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Faktor Mobiliti: Pergeseran/Konflik antara
pembesar utama Melaka. </b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jenis Mobiliti: Menurun </b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Tun Kudu asalnya merupakan anak bekas bendahara Melaka iaitu Bendahara Sri Wak
Raja (yang membunuh diri kerana tersalah sangka bahawa Sultan Muhammad Syah
iaitu bapa Sultan Muzaffar Shah enggan menerima permintaan mengadapnya). Beliau
menjadi isteri dan menjadi Permaisuri Sultan Muzaffar Shah. Dia terkenal dengan
kecantikannya tetapi agak juling sedikit. Dia ditalakkan oleh Sultan
(diceraikan oleh Sultan) bagi menyelesaikan pergeseran antara Tun Perak dengan
Seri Nara Diraja</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Sultan Muzaffar Shah dan Tun Kudu terpaksa berkorban demi menyelamatkan
pergeseran antara kedua tokoh pembesar utama Melaka ini. Kebetulan Seri Nara
Diraja (SND) berkenan dengan Tun Kudu walaupun disindir oleh pengikutnya yang
mengatakan bahawa SND telah tua dan tidak berupaya memperoleh zuriat setelah
berkahwin dengan SND. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC3:
(Kesan Mobiliti):Hubungan kedua-dua pembesar menjadi akrab atas faktor
perkahwinan. Kerajaan Melaka menjadi bertambah kukuh dan kuat untuk berhadapan
dengan serangan Siam.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F3: Sultan Maliku’t Tahir (Raja Pasai)</b>
dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Maharaja Dewa Sura (Raja Indera
Pura)</b> tarafnya sebagai pemerintah/Raja/Sultan diturunkan setelah menjadi
tawanan perang. Sultan Maliku’t Tahir ditawan oleh Raja Shahrun Nuwi (Siam),
diculik dan dibawa lari ke Siam dan disuruh menjadi gembala ayam Raja. Maharaja
Dewa Sura pula ditawan oleh Seri Bija Diraja (Panglima Melaka di Zaman Sultan
Muzaffar Shah) dan dibawa ke Melaka menjadi gembala gajah Raja.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Faktor Mobiliti: Tawanan Perang Diraja</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jenis Mobiliti: Menurun</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Sultan Malikut’t Tahir (Raja Pasai – putera sulung Sultan Maliku’l Salleh)
telah ditipu dan diculik oleh Awi Dicu (hulubalang Siam) bersama-sama 4000
tenteranya dan dititahkan membawa hidup-hidup Sultan Maliku’t Tahir ke Siam
kerana cemburu akan kehebatan Pasai yang menjadi tumpuan dagang dan santri
(hlm.60-61). Selama berada di bawah tahanan Siam, Sultan Maliku’t Tahir disuruh
mengembala/mebela ayam Raja. Jadi, jelaslah penghinaan yang diterima oleh Raja
Pasai yang dihinakan menjadi gembala ayam seolah-olah bertaraf hamba abdi.
Beliau kemudiannya diselamatkan oleh pembesarnya iaitu Sidi Ali Ghiatuddin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang berjaya menyamar menjadi saudagar Arab
dan mengenakan tipu helahnya untuk membawa pulang Raja Pasai itu.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Maharaja Dewa Sura, pemerintah Indera Pura ditawan oleh Seri Bija Diraja dan
dibawa pulang ke Melaka sebagai tawanan perang. Semasa di Melaka beliau dijaga
dengan baik oleh Bendahara Tun Perak dan disuruh menjadi pengembala gajah Raja
kerana kemahirannya tinggi ilmu menjinakkan gajah. Berlaku penurunan darjat
apabila beliau menjadi tawanan perang dan menetap di Melaka. Walaupun beliau
kekal sebagai kerabat Raja dan diberi layanan bertaraf rakyat biasa,
keturunannya selepas itu menjadi pembesar Melaka yang mahir mengenai hal ehwal
menjinakkan gajah Raja dan jawatan itu dimonopoli oleh keturuannya.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC3:
(Kesan Mobiliti): Maharaja Dewa Sura turun taraf sebagai rakyat biasa di Melaka
setelah hilang kekuasaan kerajaannya di Indera Pura. Beliau terus menetap di Melaka
dan keturunan/warisnya sehingga ke zaman Sultan Mahmud diberi penghormatan
menjaga, mengembala dan menjinakkan gajah Raja.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Waris keturunanannya juga berjaya menaikkan nama Raja Melaka atas
kemahiran tinggi menjinakkan gajah ini.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F4: Sultan Abdul Jamal</b> (Pemerintah
Pahang dan sepupu Sultan Mahmud Shah) menurunkan darjatnya sebagai Sultan
Pahang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan memencilkan diri (beruzlah)
di Lubuk Pelang (hlm. 233 – A-311) setelah murka dimalukan oleh Sultan
Mahmud…”Kita diperbuat oleh Raja Melaka ini ‘Mulut disuapinya dengan pisang,
pantat (punggung) dikaitnya dengan onak…” hlm.233/A-311/B-240. Dia menyerahkan
takhtanya kepada anaknya Raja Masur/Sultan Mansur Syah sebagai pemerintah
Pahang dan sebaliknya beliau “membuang diri” ke Lubuk Pelang untuk mengabdikan
diri kepada Tuhan. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Faktor Mobiliti: Malu dan Terhina </b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jenis Mobiliti: Menurun (Sultan – turun
takhta menjadi syeikh/petapa)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:Sultan
Abdul Jamal dimalukan oleh Sultan Mahmud (sepupunya sendiri yang menjadi Raja
Melaka) atas dua faktor iaitu Tun Teja anak Bendahara Pahang yang bakal menjadi
permaisuri keduanya telah dilarikan oleh Hang Nadim ke Melaka. Keduanya, gajah
kesayangannya (kenaikan Raja) “Ai Kening” dilarikan oleh Laksamana ke Melaka
gara-gara mulutnya celupar “hendak melanggar Melaka” dengan gajah kesayangannya
itu. Akhirnya Sultan Mahmud membuat tawaran kepada hulubalang dan perajurit
Melaka agar membawa pulang “Ai Kening” hidup-hidup ke Melaka.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Sultan Abdul Jalil rasa terhina dan malu apabila saudara sepupunya sendiri dari
Melaka sanggup mempermalukannya atas dua peristiwa itu lalu dia membuat
keputusan menyerahkan tampuk pemerintahan kepada anaknya Sultan Mansur Shah dan
beliau “membuang diri” atau “mengasingkan diri/bertapa” sebagai seorang
“abid/syeikh” di Lubuk Pelang.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC3<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">: Kesan Mobiliti</b>: Pahang sebagai
naungan Melaka kemudiannya mengurangkan pergantungannya ke Melaka dan
seolah-olah memutuskan hubungan diplomatik dengan Melaka. Buktinya selepas
Sultan Mahmud dikalahkan oleh Peringgi, beliau tidak meminta bantuan daripada
Pahang dan tidak menjadikan Pahang sebagai destinasi “ kerajaan Melaka dalam
buangan”. Sebaliknya memilih Siak dan Kopak sebagai benteng terakhir bertempur
dengan Peringgi (Portugis) dan akhirnya melarikan diri ke Johor dan menubuhkan
Kerajaan Melayu Johor.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F5:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sulta Maliku’l Mansur (Pemerintah Semundera) </b>ditangkap oleh abangnya
Sultan Malikul Tahir (Pemerintah Pasai), dijadikan tawanan dan dipenjarakan di
Manjung. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Faktor Mobiliti: Motif Dendam/Cemburu</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jenis Mobiliti: Menurun (menjadi banduan)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Sultan Maliku’l Mansur telah membawa pulang dayang istana abangnya di Pasai.
Ketika dia mengunjungi abangnnya di Pasai, Sultan Maliku’l Tahir tiada di
istana tetapi dia telah melakukan “khilaf”/kesilapan membawa pulang seorang
dayang istana tanpa izin daripada saudaranya itu. Akhirnya seorang pembesar
Pasai telah membuat fitnah sehingga menyebabkan Sultan Maliku’t Tahir murka dan
membunuh pembesar (memenggal kepala dan kepala disula di hadapan perahu) dan
menangkap adiknya dan dipenjarakan di Manjung (sekarang ini di Perak). </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kesan Mobiliti</b>: Peristiwa pathos
“amat menyedihkan” berlaku ke atas Sultan Maliku’l Mansur apabila abangnya
insaf dan mahukan adiknya dibawa pulang ke Semundera, Sultan Maliku’l Mansur
telah mangkat di atas kubur Sidi Asma Yaumuddin, di Padang Maya. Sultan
Maliku’t Tahir begitu menyesali perbuatannya dan memberi wasiat kepada
anaknya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan pembesar-pembesar sewaktu
dia nazak (hampir menghembuskan nafas yang terakhir) agar tidak mengikut jejak
kesilapannya.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F6: Sultan Mahmud Shah</b> kehilangan
takhta dan menjadi “Sultan dalam buangan” setelah Melaka dialahkan dan gagal
bertahan di Kampar, Siak dan Kopak dan Bintan. Beliau juga “membuang diri” ke
hulu Melaka setelah menyesali perbuatannya membunuh Bendahara Seri Maharaja dan
kaum keluarganya dan Tun Fatimah (permaisurinya) terpaksa menuntut bela atas
kematian suami, saudara kandung dan kaum keluarganya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Faktor Mobiliti: Kalah dalam Peperangan </b>(Sultan/Kerajaan
Dalam Buangan – Tiada Negeri/Menumpang Negeri Naungan Melaka) dan Menyesali Perbuatan
Membunuh Tanpa Usul Periksa.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jenis Mobiliti: Menurun (Raja dalam
Buangan/Mengemis Makanan)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Sultan Mahmud menjadi Sultan yang tidak mempunyai kerajaan setelah Melaka
dikalahkan oleh Ferenggi/Portugis. Beliau gagal bertahan di Kampar, Siak, Kopak
dan Bintan. Akhirnya terpaksa menyeberang ke Johor dan menubuhkan Kerajaan
Melayu Johor.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Beliau dan kaum kerabatnya juga dihinakan kerana tiada pembesar yang
berlumba-lumba memenuhi keinginan Sultan Mahmud untuk mencari nasi kerana
baginda kelaparan, kecuali Seri Diraja mengarahkan Sri Wak Raja (hlm. 232
B-290) yang terpaksa mencuri nasi dari periku belanga orang Gunung yang sedang bertanak
dan membakar ikan. Keadaan ini seolah-olah beliau terpaksa mengemis meminta
makanan daripada orang ketika berada di Kopak.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC3:
Sultan Mahmud memencilkan dirinya dan tidak menghiraukan hal ehwal istana
setelah berasa sedih dan sesal akan kesilapannya membunuh Bendahara Seri
Maharaja Tun Mutahir dan seluruh kaum kerabatnya. Dia “membuang diri” ke hulu
Melaka sehinggalah Peringgi menyerang Melaka.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kesan Mobiliti: </b>a. Sultan Mahmud
bertaraf Sultan dalam buangan (tiada mempunyai negeri/menumpanh negeri naungan
Melaka di Kampar, Siak, Kopak dan Bintan)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
b.
Kerajaan Melaka menjadi lemah setelah kematian Bendahara Seri Maharaja dan
dikalahkan oleh Peringgi.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
c.
Wujud kerajaan Melayu Johor.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F7:</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hang Tuah</b> dilucutkan jawatan Laksamana dan dititahkan dibunuh
kerana derhaka kepada Raja (difitnah bermain-main dengan perempuan Raja)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Faktor Mobiliti</b>: Fitnah Pembesar yang
irihati akan ketokohannya.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jenis Mobiliti: Menurun
(penderhaka/dipasung/disembunyikan)</b> di dusun Seri Nara Diraja di Hulu
Melaka)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Laksamana Hang Tuah dilucutkan jawatan menjadi pesalah dan penderhaka kerana
difitnah bermukah dengan dayang istana yang tinggal di luar istana
(hlm…130/B133). Seri Nara Diraja tidak jadi membunuhnya kerana memikirkan Hang
Tuah ada guna untuk masa hadapan. Beliau hanya disembunyikan dan dipasung oleh
Seri Nara Diraja di dusunnya d hulu Melaka). </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Hang Tuah akhirnya mendapatkan kembali jawatannya setelah berjaya membunuh Hang
jebat yang menderhaka kepada Raja Melaka.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kesan Mobiliti</b>: Huru hara berlaku
kerana Hang jebat membela atas kematian Hang Tuah. Hang jebat menguasai istana
dan akhirnya Hang Tuah muncul untuk membersihkan contengan arang di muka
baginda Sultan.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F8: Sultan Muhammad (Raja kerajaan
Mu’tabari – Selatan Benua Keling) </b>turun takhta sebagai Sultan dan
menyerahkan takhta kepada anaknya. Baginda menjadi “fakir/pengembara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan pendakwah” dan mengikut pelayaran Sheik
Ismail mengislam negeri di rantau Alam Melayu termasuklah Fansuri, Lamiri,
Haru, Perlak dan Semundera.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Faktor Mobiliti: Mengikut ajakan pendakwah
Sheikh Ismail, syarif dari Mekah mengislam rantau Alam Melayu</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jenis Mobiliti: Menurun (menjadi
fakir/pengembara)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Sultan Muhammad meninggalkan Negeri dan Kerajaan Mu’tabari dan menyerahkan
kepada pewarisnya kerana mahu menyahut seruan dakwah daripada Nabi Muhammad SAW
dan ajakan Sayid dari Kota Makkah iaitu Sheikh Ismail mencari sebuah negeri
seperti yang ditakbir melalui mimpi (suruhan Nabi Muhammad SAW) yang diterima
oleh sheikh Ismail tersebut.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Kapal Sheikh Ismail yang singgah di negeri Mu’tabari akhirnya disapa oleh
Sultan Muhammad dan dia tiba-tiba mahu mengikut pelayaran sheikh Ismail untuk
mengislamkan sebuah negeri yang dimaksudkannya itu. Dia membawa segala
peralatan kerajaannya untuk bakal merajakan/seorang pemerintah kerajaan Islam
yang bakal memeluk ajaran Islam di rantau alam Melayu.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kesan Mobiliti</b>: Islam berkembang luas
di Alam Melayu terutama Kerajaan awal Islam,Semundera (Merah Silu/Sultan
Maliku’t Salleh).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Isi-isi Penting: (Mobiliti Sosial Menaik)</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F9: Badang </b>menjadi Panglima
Singapura<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan Pembesar Utama Negeri
dengan gelaran “Orang Kaya Sayung” setelah banyak kali mengharumkan nama Raja
Singapura. Beliau asalnya adalah bertaraf hamba sahaya tetapi kemudiannya
menjadi gagah perkasa kerana memakan muntahan hantu (hlm…48/b-31)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Faktor Mobiliti: Memperoleh kekuatan luar
biasa setelah makan muntahan hantu.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jenis Mobiliti: Menaik (menjadi Hulubalang
Singapura dengan gelaran Orang Kaya Sayung)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Asalnya adalah hamba dan mengerjakan ladang majikannya. Kemudian mendapat
kekuatan luar biasa setelah menangkap hantu yang memakan ikan dalam lukahnya.
Akhirnya hantu minta dilepaskan dan Badang meminta untuk menjadi kuat – hantu
menuruh Badang makan muntahannya itu). </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Badang mengalahkan hulubalang dari Benua Keling – Nadi Bijaya Niakra dalam
pertarungan beradu kekuatan. 7 isi kapal menjadi kepunyaan Raja Singapura.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC3:
Badang beradu kekuatan dengan Benderang, hulubalang Perlak (hlm.51/A-66)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kesan Mobiliti: </b>Singapura menjadi
terkenal dan makmur kerana kemahsyuran kekuatan Badang. Hubungan Singapura
dengan Perlak juga bertambah erat kerana tindakan Badang yang tidak mahu
memalukan Raja Perlak sekiranya Benderang tewas.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F10: Tun Perak</b> diangkat menjadi
pembesar utama Melaka di zaman Sultan Muzaffar Shah dengan gelaran Bendahara
Paduka Raja Tun Perak</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Faktor Mobiliti: Kebijaksanaannya dari segi
kepimpinan</b> dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tipu daya muslihatnya</b>
mematahkan serangan Siam.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Tun Perak anak Bendahara Seri Wak Raja (Bendahara di Zaman Sultan Muhammad Shah
– Bapa Sultan Muzaffar Shah) menjadi penghulu Kelang.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Diangkat menjadi Bendahara Melaka atas sifat kepimpinan dan kebijaksanaannya
memimpin rakyat Melaka mematahkan serangan Siam.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC3:
Dilantik dengan gelaran tertinggi kerajaan dengan gelaran Bendahara Paduka Raja
Tun Perak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atas sifat istimewanya dari
segi bakat kepimpinan.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kesan Mobiliti</b>: Pelantikannya sebagai
Bendahara Paduka Raja telah menjadikan Melaka sebuah kerajaan yang tersohor
kerana kepimpinan Tun Perak dengan dibantu oleh pembesar yang lain. Tun Perak
terkenal dengan kebijaksanaan akalnya, ilmunya, akhlaknya, kesetiaannya dan
pandangan jauhnya atas sesuatu isu.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F11: Hang Nadim</b> masuk dalam kelompok
diraja kerana berkahwin dengan puteri Raja Kelantan iaitu “Cau Pauk”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(…hlm 231) setelah beliau begitu berjasa
kepada Sultan Mahmud setelah berjaya melarikan dan membawa pulang Tun Teja anak
bendahara Pahang ke Melaka.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Faktor Mobiliti</b>: Berjasa kepada Sultan
(Melarikan Tun Teja ke Melaka)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jenis Mobiliti:</b> Menaik (menjadi menantu
Raja Kelantan kerana berkahwin dengan Cau Pauk).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Hang Nadim ingin mengambil hati Sultan Mahmud yang murka ke atasnya apabila
hanya berjaya membawa pulang 4 gulung kayu kain kasa yang diminta oleh Sultan
Mahmud ketika dia dan Hang Isap dititahkan ke Benua Keling untuk membeli kain
yang diminta itu. Beliau telah dimurkai oleh Sultan kerana gagal dalam misinya
itu dan difitnah oleh Hang Isap.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Melarikan Tun Teja tanpa dititahkan oleh Sultan Mahmud dengan tujuan untuk
mengambil hati semula Sultan Mahmud dan menebus dosanya ketika di Benua Keling
dan Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Sultan begitu gembira kerana Hang Nadim berjaya membawa
Tun Teja ke Melaka dan dijadikan Permaisuri Utama kerana baginda baharu kematian
permaisurinya. Hang Nadim diberi anugerah istimewa anak Raja Kelantan itu
setelah mendengar pengakuan Tun Teja sendiri bahawa Hang Nadim tinggi budi
pekertinya… hlm 231 …langsung tidak memandang wajah Tun Teja…apatah pula
mengambil kesempatan memegang tangannya ketika dikejar oleh perajurit Pahang).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kesan Mobiliti:</b> Sultan tidak murka lagi
kepada Hang Nadim. Hang Nadim mendapat anugerah istimewa iaitu diberikan puteri
Raja Kelantan “Cau Pauk” untuk dinikahi.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">[ Banyak isi lain yang boleh diterima….]</i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">[ **Nota: Huraian dan Contoh seharusnya
bersifat selektif (jangan sumbat semua dalam huraian – dibimbangi huraian dan
contoh menjadi terlalu panjang. Pilih HC mengikut kesesuian ]</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Pilih
mana-mana 5 isi sahaja: 5F x 2 markah = 10 markah, 5HC x 2 markah = 10 markah.
Markah keseluruhan isi = 20 markah. Pendahuluan = 3 markah, Penutup = 2 markah.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
** Huraian + Contoh : Mohon guru modified / edit
sekiranya tersalah fakta dan bercanggah.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kesimpulan: (2
markah)</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mobiliti sosial penting untuk mengukur peranan
dan penghormatan seseorang watak ketika berada dalam kelompok masyarakatnya.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mobiliti sosial boleh berubah ke arah yang lebih
baik ataupun sebaliknya atau mungkin statik sahaja bergantung kepada peranan
yang dimainkan oleh individu/watak dalam kelompok masyarakatnya</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mobiliti sosial boleh saja berlaku ke atas watak
hamba, rakyat biasa, golongan bangsawan dan Raja seperti yang terakam dalam
teks Sulalatus Salatin.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Soalan-soalan Tambahan untuk
Perbincangan:</u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mobiliti
sosial yang berlaku dalam kalangan pembesar, rakyat biasa dan hamba seperti
yang digambarkan dalam Teks Sulalatus Salatin kebanyakannya berlaku hasil
daripada balasan jasa mereka yang telah berbakti kepada Sultan atau Raja.
Sejauh manakah anda bersetuju dengan penyataan ini. 25 markah ]</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mobiliti
sosial yang berlaku ke atas watak-watak penting dalam teks Sulalatus Salatin
telah meninggalkan kesan yang besar terhadap pemerintahan sesebuah kerajaan.
Ulaskan penyataan ini dengan mengemukakan fakta dan bukti yang jelas.</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(Sekian.
Selamat Mencuba…doakan yang terbaik untuk anak didik kita….)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-61352072986576469132013-04-01T23:21:00.002-07:002013-04-01T23:21:47.043-07:00SOALAN -PEMBANGUNAN MASYARAKAT (NOVEL SAUDAGAR BESAR DARI KUALA LUMPUR (SBDKL)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2. PEMBANGUNAN MASYARAKAT : </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 318.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">NOVEL SAUDAGAR BESAR DARI KUALA LUMPUR (SBDKL)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>SOSIAL </b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.2.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>MOBILITI</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Kehendak sukatan KMK:</div>
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Calon seharusnya dapat;</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(a) Menghuraikan mobiliti sosial dalam
pembangunan masyarakat</i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Takrifan &
Skop Mobiliti Sosial:</b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Konsep mobiliti sosial merujuk kepada
proses seseorang watak/individu berubah atau bergerak posisi atau kedudukan
mereka daripada satu tahap ke tahap yang lain sama ada secara menurun atau
menaik dalam sesebuah masyarakat. Perubahan kedudukan dalam masyarakat ini
boleh jadi berlaku disebabkan oleh perubahan dari segi pendidikan, pangkat,
kekayaan, perubahan status hubungan kekeluargaan, penglibatan dalam politik,
kegiatan bermoral dan tidak bermoral, kesalahan jenayah dan sebagainya.
Individu atau watak yang tidak mengalami sebarang perubahan statusnya dalam
masyarakat kerana tiada kontak dengan faktor-faktor perubahan sosial itu tadi
dianggap tiada anjakan dari segi mobiliti sosialnya dan dianggap mengalami
mobiliti sosial yang mendatar atau statik.”</i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SOALAN RANGSANGAN
SAUDAGAR BESAR DARI KUALA LUMPUR (SBDKL) – MOBILITI</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SOALAN 1:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Novel Saudagar Besar dari Kuala Lumpur
jelas memperlihatkan pergerakan sosial atau mobiliti sosial watak-watak yang
terlibat cerita ini. Ada watak-watak yang mengalami perubahan dari segi
kedudukan sosial mereka dalam masyarakat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sama ada secara menaik ataupun secara menurun. Bincangkan.[ 25 markah ]</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SKEMA JAWAPAN:</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pendahuluan: (3 markah)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Novel SBDKL<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>banyak menyorot perubahan status sosial watak-watak yang terlibat dan
kedudukan mereka dalam kelompok masyarakat. Antaranya watak utama dalam cerita
ini iaitu Encik Muhammad Bin Idris, Penghulu Mahmud, Tan Sri Syed Aris, Sudin,
Imam Saad, Imam Pekan Tualang, Tuk Empat Dahlan, Sani, Mat Akil, dan
sebagainya.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Perubahan status sosial / taraf dalam masyarakat
setempat disebabkan perubahan tahap pendidikan yang diperoleh watak-watak yang
terlibat, perubahan peranan yang diberikan oleh institusi beraja, kerajaan dan
masyarakat, perubahan jawatan dalam sektor perusahaan awam atau swasta,
perubahan status dalam masyarakat hasil daripada perubahan kedudukan dalam
hubungan kekeluargaan, perubahan status dalam masyarakat hasil daripada kontak
sosial sama ada terlibat dalam kegiatan jenayah, kegiatan tidak berakhlak dan
sebagainya.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kontak sosial ini menyebabkan berlakunya
perubahan status menegak (menaik) atau menurun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kepada watak-watak atau individu yang terlibat. Kesannya individu itu
akan dipandang mulia dan hormat oleh masyarakat setempat dan begitulah
sebaliknya jika mereka <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terlibat dalam
kegiatan yang tidak bermoral yang sudah pastinya akan menurunkan darjat sosial
mereka dalam masyarakat.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Isi-isi Penting: (Mobiliti Sosial
Menegak/Menaik)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F1: Encik Muhammad Bin Idris berjaya
menempatkan dirinya dalam kelompok elit usahawan yang berjaya sehingga
pencapaian ini menyebabkan dirinya dihormati oleh kaum keluarganya, rakan
perniagaan luar dan dalam, dan masyarakat tempat kelahirannya.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Mobiliti sosial menegak ini adalah hasil usaha gigihnya meningkatkan diri dalam
pencapaian akademik sehingga dia berjaya menjadi graduan bidang ekonomi lulusan
luar negara.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Mobiliti sosial menegak ini juga adalah hasil daripada perniagaan yang
diceburinya sehingga dia diangkat menjadi pengarah urusan salah satu cabang
perniagaan Datuk Tan Enterprise dan syarikat enterprise kepunyaannya sendiri.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC3:
Tahap pendidikan dan pencapaian Encik Muhammad bin Idris dalam bidang
perniagaan menyebabkan dirinya dihormati dan diberi penghormatan sebagai
satu-satunya anak Orangkaya Indera Datuk Idris bin Muhammad Saman yang berjaya
dalam karier sebagai usahawan bumiputera Melayu yang berjaya dan menjadi
kebanggaan keluarga Orangkaya Indera Datuk Idris khususnya Penghulu Mahmud abangnya
yang sangat mengaguminya, begitu juga dengan masyarakat Pekan Tualang dan Kampung
Pulai.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kesimpulan</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">: Pencapaian Encik Muhammad dalam bidang
pendidikan dan perniagaan telah melayakkannya berada dalam kelompok usahawan
yang berjaya bukan sahaja dalam kalangan usahawan tempatan bahkan juga dalam kelompok
usahawan luar negara. Pencapaian ini membanggakan sahabat karibnya Datuk Tan
Chong Seng, Tan Sri Syed Aris, termasuk stafnya Cik Sharifah Mahani, keluarga
dan penduduk Pekan Tualang dan Kampung Pulai.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F2: Tan Sri Syed Aris berjaya sebagai
usahawan Melayu yang kaya dan berjaya dalam bidang perniagaan. Dia menjadi
Pengarah Eksekutif Serba Dagang Internasional</b>. Statusnya dalam masyarakat
atau kelompok usahawan sangat tinggi dan dihormati oleh usahawan tempatan dan
luar negara. Encik Muhammad Bin Idris sendiri mengagumi pencapaian Tan Sri Syed
Aris dan sering mendapatkan tunjuk ajar dan nasihat perniagaan daripadanya. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Pergerakan statusnya bermula apabila dia dibela oleh Tuan Syeikh Syed Salim
Al-Makky. Ibu Tuan Syed Aris iaitu Sharifah Dora merupakan anak angkat kepada
Tuan Syeikh Syed Salim (bapa kepada Sharifah Naimah dan Sharifah Muinah).
Sewaktu Tuan Syed Aris masih kecil ibunya Sharifah Dora dan bapanya telah
meninggal dunia pada masa kekalutan zaman pendudukan Jepun. Tuan Syeikh Salim
yang dipanggilnya sebagai walid (bapa dalam bahasa Arab) telah membela, menjaga
dan menyekolahkannya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dia kemudiannya dihantar
belajar keluar negara dan akhirnya berjaya menjadi sebagai seorang usahawan
yang berjaya dan memiliki syarikat dagang antarabangsanya sendiri.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Status sosialnya dalam masyarakat elit (keluarga bangsawan Arab) terus kekal
setelah dia berkahwin dengan Sharifah Naimah (kemudiannya meninggal dunia
setelah melahirkan Sharifah Mahani) dan kemudiannya berkahwin “ganti tikar”
dengan Sharifah Muinah (adik almarhumah Sharifah Naimah) atas kehendak
walidnya. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kesimpulan:
</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hubungan perkahwinan, pencapaian
pendidikan dan pencapaian dalam bidang perniagaan mengangkat taraf Tuan Syed
Aris sebagai kelompok Melayu elit yang berjaya dalam masyarakat dan dia turut
dihormati oleh rakan perniagaan di dalam dan di luar negara.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F3:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sudin berjaya menempatkan diri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam kelompok elit walaupun pada asalnya dia daripada golongan
masyarakat biasa/marhaen (bawahan) tetapi berubah menjadi anak saudara kepada
Encik Muhammad bin Idris dan Penghulu Mahmud setelah dia mengahwini Gayah
(salah seorang anak kakak Encik Muhammad dan Penghulu Mahmud)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Hidup Sudin tidak tentu arah dan dia pernah menjadi “tahi judi” dan “kaki
botol” tetapi berubah setelah Encik Muhammad Idris bijak menilai bakat dan
kemampuan Sudin yang mempunyai latar belakang bisnes kerana pernah menjadi
“broker tanah” dan “broker kereta” di Kuala Lumpur. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Hidup Sudin juga berubah setelah dia berkahwin dengan Gayah apabila dia menjadi
orang kepercayaan Encik Muhammad untuk mengatur strategi membeli tanah orang
Pekan Tualang dan berusaha memindahkan orang Kampung Pulai ke tanah rancangan
FELDA bagi membolehkan mereka mengusahakan Syarikat Lombong Lembah Tualang.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC3:
Sudin juga dilantik sebagai Pegawai Perhubungan Syarikat Lembah Tualang oleh
Encik Muhammad. Syarikat itu bakal melombong bijih timah di sekitar Pekan
Tualang dan Kampung Pulai.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kesimpulan</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">: Jelas bahawa perubahan status akibat hasil
perkahwinan Sudin dan Gayah telah mengubah hidup Sudin ke arah kehidupan yang
lebih sempurna dan perubahan sosial ini menyebabkan orang Kampung khusus
bapanya dan ibunya Imam Saad<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan Mak
Minah begitu bangga dengan perkembangan ini. Mat Akil juga mencemburui
pencapaian dan taraf Sudin berada dalam kelompok elit dan ini menimbulkan
dendam kesumat yang tidak dapat dielakkan lagi.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F4:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Lebai Maarop daripada seorang anak muda yang liar pada zaman mudanya dan
mempunyai pendidikan yang agak baik iaitu Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) berubah
menjadi seorang pendakwah dan menjadi imam Surau Kampung Pulai. Dia mengajar
kanak-kanak dan orang dewasa mengaji Al-Quran dan pendidikan agama Islam. Dia
dihormati oleh masyarakat Kampung Pulai dan menjadi ikon anak muda yang ingin berubah
menjadi seorang muslim yang baik.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Orang-orang tua dan kaum wanita di Kampung
Pulai menghormati dan menyanjung tinggi peranan Lebai Maarop yang berubah
menjadi baik setelah dia keluar daripada menuntut ilmu di “pondok “.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Orang-orang Kg Pulai begitu mendengar pandangan dan pendapatnya yang agar tidak
meremehkan pendidikan agama bahkan pendidikan agamalah yang menentukan
kebahagiaan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dunia dan akhirat. Seruan dakwahnya mendapat reaksi positif dan
kerjasama erat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>daripada bapa saudaranya
Bilal Endut, dan juga Imam Saad dan Tuk Empat Dahlan. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC3:
Pendapatnya yang bernas iaitu mewakafkan sebidang tanah warisan ayahnya di
Kampung Pulai merungkaikan kemelut dan pertelagahan antara kelompok sekular
(Encik Muhammad) dan kelompok agama (diketuai oleh Lebai Maarop) untuk
membangunkan Kampung Pulai untuk diusahakan menjadi perusahaan lombong bijih
timah.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kesimpulan</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">: Perubahan ketara diri Lebai Maarop daripada
anak muda yang liar menjadi seorang pendakwah agama merubah dirinya berada
dalam kelompok golongan agama yang dihormati oleh masyarakat.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F5: Imam Saad, bapa Sudin berubah posisi
dan peranannya dalam masyarakat dengan dilantik sebagai Imam Pekan Tualang bagi
menggantikan Imam Tua (Bapa Sani), Imam Kerajaan yang uzur dan sering
sakit-sakit dan tidak mampu melaksanakan tugas dengan baik.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Perancangan rapi dan licik Encik Muhammad bin Idris untuk memecahkan dominasi
kelompok agama yang menyukarkan visi dan misinya memindahkan orang Kampung
Pulai ke tanah Rancangan FELDA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akhirnya
dianggap sebagai pengiktirafan baharu kepada perubahan peranan dan tugas Imam
Saad seolah-olah beliuau dinaikkan pangkat menjadi Imam Kerajaan di Pekan
Tualang (tidak disedari oleh Imam Saad).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Kerjasama daripada Sudin, YB Muhd Yusof, Pegawai Kadi Daerah Kuala, Pegawai
FELDA, Pegawai Daerah menjadi senjata Encik Muhammad untuk mengekang dominasi
kumpulan Lebai Maarop dan Imam Saad yang dianggap mengharu birukan perancangan
Encik Muhammad dan Sani untuk menubuhkan seberapa segera Syarikat Lombong
Lembah Tualang. Hal ini disebabkan Imam Saad dan rakan-rakannya yang lain
mendengar khabar angin bahawa Encik Muhammad merancangkan pembinaan hotel dan
perniagaan yang bakal mengundang maksiat seperti penzinaan, pelacuran,
perjudian, kelab malam dan sebagainya.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kesimpulan</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">: Pergerakan status<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Imam Saad menjadi Imam kerajaan dianggap satu
penghormatan oleh orang Kampung Pulai dan Pekan Tualang yang melihat Imam Saad
diiktiraf sebagai orang yang mampu membuat perubahan di tempat yang baharu.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F6: Sani berjaya ditempatkan dalam kelompok
golongan Melayu yang berpendapatan sederhana apabila dia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menggantikan tugas Sudin sebelum ini yang
bertindak sebagai “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">runner</i>” dalam
urusan perniagaan Encik Muhammad.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Asalnya dia diheret dengan masalah hutang kerana salah percaturan dalam
perniagaan luar negara yang ingin diceburinya. Dia meminta bantuan untuk
mencari sumber kewangan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">finance”</i>
daripada Sudin bagi membantunya menyelesaikan masalah pembiayaan kewangan
sebanyak Sembilan ribu yang diperlukannnya untuk mengadakan dagangan dengan
syarikat antarabangsa </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Sudin dan Encik Muhammad bijak memerangkap Sani yang memerlukan wang dengan
segera. Bagai orang mengantuk dirongkan bantal, peluang ini dihidu dengan baik
oleh Sudin dan Encik Muhammad. Mereka mempengaruhi Sani<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>agar pulang dan menetap di Pekan Tualang
sambil mendesak bapanya berhenti dan bersara menjadi imam kerajaan di Pekan
Tualang bagi membolehkan Imam Saad. Imam saad mesti dipisahkan daripada Lebai
Maarop agar peranan Imam saad menghasut penduduk kampung Pulai untuk menentang
projek Encik Muhammad<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat ditamatkan
seberapa segera.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kesimpulan</i></b>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kedudukan Sani dalam kelompok masyarakat telah berubah menjadi lebih
baik dengan menerima jawatan dan gaji yang tetap yang diberikan oleh Encik
Muhammad sebagai pekerja di syarikatnya. Kehidupannya tidak lagi sukar seperti
sebelum ini ketika mana dia tinggal di Kuala Lumpur menjadi broker tanah dan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>broker kereta sama seperti perkerjaan yang pernah
dilakukan oleh Sudin.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F7: Penghulu Mahmud telah berubah fungsi,
peranan dan kedudukannya setelah dia berjaya dilantik memegang jawatan yang
pernah disandang oleh orang tuanya iaitu Orangkaya Datuk Indera Mohd Saman
iaitu menjadi salah seorang wakil Sultan DYMM Sultan Perak yang diberi amanah menjaga
daerah Kuala Kangsar. </b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Pelantikan Penghulu Mahmud sebagai Orangkaya Datuk Indera Mahmud adalah seperti
yang dirancangkan dan diingini oleh Datuk Tan, Encik Muhammad, YB Muhd Yusof
dan Sudin agar DYMM Sultan memandang tinggi peranan Penghulu Mahmud dan
merestui projek perlombongan yang bakal diusahakan di Lembah Tualang dan Kampun
Pulai.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Perubahan taraf, pangkat dan status Penghulu Mahmud telah menjadi kebangaan
masyarakat setempat dan kaum keluarga Encik Muhammad kerana jawatan ini
seharusnya terus kekal sebagai legasi keluarga mereka sebagai warisan pangkat
turun temurun.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kesimpulan</i></b>:
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perubahan status sosial Penghulu Mahmud
menyandang jawatan Orangkaya Datuk Indera telah menaikkan statusnya setara
dengan pembesar negeri dan menjadi orang kenamaan istana. Dia bukan lagi
bertaraf penghulu tetapi menjadi wakil Sultan yang rasmi bagi menjaga wilayah
yang lebih besar iaitu seluruh daerah Kuala Kangsar.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F8: Tuk Empat Dahlan bapa saudara Mat Akil
dilantik sebagai pengganti Penghulu Mahmud yang dinaikkan pangkat sebagai
Orangkaya Datuk Indera Mahmud. Dengan pelantikan ini taraf Tuk Empat Dahlan
telah meningkat kerana dia bakal menjaga seluruh daerah Pekan Tualang dan
Kampung Pulai.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Encik Muhammad telah merancangkan bersama-sama dengan Pegawai Daerah Kuala
Kangsar agar Tuk Empat Dahlan dijadikan Penghulu. Sebenarnya pelantikan ini
juga ada motifnya iaitu ingin memecahkan dominasi kelompok golongan agama yang
diketuai oleh Imam Saad dan Lebai Maarop yang sering menghasut agar menentang
projek Encik Muhammad.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Tujuan pelantikan ini juga bertujuan untuk menimbulkan kebanggaan Mat Akil
bahawa bapa saudaranya Tuk Empat Dahlan dilantik sebagai penghulu, dan dia
bakal menjadikan posisi ini sebagai “dahan tempat bergantung” untuk meraih
rezeki dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kenaikan pangkat bapa
saudaranya itu. Hal ini untuk mengalihkan tumpuan agar dia tidak bergeser
dengan Sudin yang telah menjadi “anak saudara” kepada Encik Muhammad dan
Orangkaya Datuk Indera Mahmud yang dianggap sebagai “lubuk rezeki” kepada
Sudin. Jadi, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan kenaikan pangkat
bapa saudaranya itu, Mat Akil tidak terasa bahawa dirinya dan keluarga Sudin
“jarak sosial” tidaklah terlalu jauh.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kesimpulan:</i></b>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pelantikan Tuk Empat Dahlan sebagai
penghulu Pekan Tualang, melonjakkan tarafnya daripada menjaga Kampung Pulai
kepada menjaga daerah kekuasaan yang lebih besar iaitu menjaga hal ehwal dan
keselamatan penduduk Pekan Tualang. Kehidupan Tuk Empat Dahlan dijangka akan
bertambah baik sehubungan dengan jawatan baru yang disandangnya.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Isi-isi Penting: (Mobiliti Sosial Menurun)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F9: Mat Akil menurunkan darjah
penghormatannya di sisi masyarakat apabila terlibat dalam gejala “samseng” /
jenayah dengan menikam dan menganiaya Lebai Maarop (membaling batu ke muka
Lebai Maarop). Dia dipenjarakan bersama-sama rakannya iaitu Man, Kemat
Jerangkung dan yang lain-lain.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Mat Akil menerima padah dengan kegiatan tidak bermoralnya, mencuri duit tabung
ibu saudaranya (isteri Tuk Empat Dahlan), mencemari cadar perkahwinan Sudin dan
Gayah dengan najisnya, memukul curi Sudin kerana dendam apabila mendengar
khabar Sudin melarikan Gayah, menikam Lebai Maarop dan sebagainya. Dia sendiri
telah mencemarkan dirinya sebagai anggota masyarakat yang tidak bermoral dan
tidak bertanggungjawab.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kesimpulan</i>:
</b>Dengan memasuki lokap bermakna Mat Akil bakal disabitkan dengan kesalahan
jenayah dan sekiranya dia didapati bersalah dia bakal dipenjarakan untuk tempoh
yang panjang dan bakal bergelar banduan. Keadaan ini dengan sendirinya bermakna
berlaku perubahan status sosial yang lebih rendah kepada Mat Akil.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F10: Sharifah Mahani menurunkan darjatnya
dari segi nasab keturunan sheikh atau sayyid/syed apabila sanggup berkahwin
dengan Rahim anak Encik Muhammad yang bukannya berdarah Arab.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC1:
Kebiasaannya untuk mengekalkan gelaran syed atau sharifah kedua-dua pasangan
haruslah daripada keturuan Arab yang sama. Namun demikian Rahim bukanlah
berketurunan Arab. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HC2:
Walaupun dari segi kekayaan dan gelaran pangkat tiada kurangnya kepada kedua-dua
pihak iaitu Rahim dan Sharifah Mahani, namun dari segi hubungan nasab/keturunan
sudah pasti akan berubah sekiranya mereka menimang cahaya mata kerana mungkin
anak yang bakal lahir tidak wajar dikekalkan gelaran “syed” atau “sharifah”
sebagaimana status kedua ibu bapanya (Sharifah Naimah & Sharifah Muinah dan
bapanya Syed Aris).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kesimpulan</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">: Jalinan hubungan Sharifah Mahani dengan
Rahim jelas bakal menurunkan status sosialnya kerana sekiranya dia berkahwin,
status zuriat yang bakal dilahirkan tiada lagi gelaran “syed” dan “sharifah”
yang boleh dikekalkan untuk nama/gelaran nasab keturunan anak-anak mereka.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">**Nota: Huraian dan Contoh seharusnya
bersifat selektif (jangan sumbat semua dalam huraian – dibimbangi huraian dan
contoh menjadi terlalu panjang. Pilih 1 atau 2 HC sahaja).</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Pilih
mana-mana 5 isi sahaja: 5F x 2 markah = 10 markah, 5HC x 2 markah = 10 markah.
Markah keseluruhan isi = 20 markah. Pendahuluan = 3 markah, Penutup = 2 markah.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
** Huraian + Contoh : Mohon guru modified / edit
sekiranya tersalah fakta dan bercanggah.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kesimpulan: (2
markah)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mobiliti sosial penting untuk mengukur peranan
dan penghormatan seseorang watak ketika berada dalam kelompok masyarakatnya.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mobiliti sosial boleh berubah kea rah yang lebih
baik ataupun sebaliknya atau mungkin static sahaja bergantung kepada peranan
yang dimainkan oleh individu/watak dalam kelompok masyarakatnya</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mobiliti sosial penting untuk kelangsungan
status generasi seterusnya, Sekiranya mobiliti sosial akan menurun angkara
generasi awal, sudah tentu hal ini memberikan kesan yang tidak baik kepada
generasi yang ditinggalkan. Barangkali generasi yang ditinggalkan akan menerima
penghinaan, kejian dan layanan yang kurang baik sehingga menjejaskan kehidupan
rutin mereka.</div>
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<![endif]-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-71186999444775748302012-10-30T08:54:00.001-07:002012-10-30T08:54:40.076-07:00KEPADA PELAJAR 6 RENDAH CAMBRIDGEsila baca nota2 yg cg post dlam blog ini. sesuai untuk ulangkaji bagi persediaan menghadapi xm. smoga anda mendapat banyak manfaat drpda nota2 tersebut. smoga berjaya.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12564095984160965804noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5864734647615771543.post-41268372003163132142012-10-30T08:49:00.001-07:002012-10-30T08:49:55.852-07:00Mitos Secekak Kertas Tisu<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Mitos Secekak Kertas Tisu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Sinopsis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Wang bukan segala-galanya. Ketika wang
mempunyai nilai yang tinggi, kita sangat bergembira untuk memiliki pelbagai
barangan dan keperluan. Apabila nilai wang jatuh, manusia menjadi keluh kesah
dan porak peranda. Lebih-lebih lagi apabila nilai wang jatuh yang menyebabkan
harga barangan terlalu mahal. Wang yang banyak tidak mampu memiliki sejumlah
barangan yang banyak dan tinggi nilainya. Manusia boleh hilang pegangan akibat
mempunyai masalah kewangan. Sejarah wang
telah bermula sejak sekian lama. Terdapat banyak pendapat tentang asal usul
wang. Daripada tamaddun awal manusia hinggalah
berlakunya revolusi perindustrian. Malah sebelum itu, matawang asalnya
diperbuat daripada emas dan perak yang kemudiannya wujud dalam bentuk kertas
yang diberi nilai. Manusia perlu sedar supaya mengelakkan diri daripada menjadi
hamba kepada wang. Razeki kita bukan tertakluk kepada nilai wang semata-mata.
Teguhkan iman dan yakinlah bahawa Allah yang memberi rezeki untuk kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">
(Terbitan Dewan Sastera 1998)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Cuba fahamkan tajuk cerpen. Maksud mitos
itu satu kepercayaan yang dipercayai benar. Apa yang masyarakat percaya itu
selalu dikaitkan dengan unsur luar biasa dan unsur suci. Namun dalam kes wang
kertas secekak itu mungkin tiada yang jelas unsur sucinya. Tetapi ia memberi
impak luarbiasa. Jika kita fahami naik dan turunnya nilai matawang dalam
ekonomi kita akan cepat faham bagaimana masyarakat dunia termasuk negara kita
bimbang bila nilai matawang jatuh. Wang yang banyak hanya boleh mendapat barang
dan perkhidmatan yang sedikit bila nilainya jatuh. So matawang itu jadi satu
dogma dan menakutkan ramai orang jika jatuh nilainya. Mereka takut tak cukup
makan, pakaian dan tempat tinggal. Hal ini dikaitkan dengan beberapa ayat dalam
cerpen yang menggambarkan secekak kertas tisu itu adalah wang yang sudah tiada
nilai. Asalnya nilainya macam emas malah kadang lebih tinggi daripada itu. Bila
sudah tiada nilai maka ia macam sehelai kertas tisu yang gunanya hanya untuk
lap kekotoran. Seluruh cerpen ini berkait dengan kebimbangan masyarakat
terhadap kejatuhnnya melalui penceritaan watak "dia". Lalu bagi yang
beragama Islam sepatutnya percaya bahawa rezeki manusia bukan semestinya sumber
wang. Ada lagi lain cara untuk dapat rezeki. Contoh bercucuk tanam, nelayan dan
lain-lain kerana yang dikatakan rezeki itu ialah apa yang kita dapat makan dan
masuk dalam mulut kita. Itu sebab dalam cerpen tersebut ada menyebut
burung-burung masih bebas terbang mencari rezeki tanpa risau tentang kejatuhan
"dia" secekak kertas yang jatuh nilai menjadi seperti tisu yang murah
harganya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Beberapa soalan di kalangan pelajar tentang
maksud perkataan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">1. "Dia" bermaksud kertas tisu
yang seharga emas (matawang). Lihat hlm 137.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">2. "Aku" mewakili diri sendiri
selaku penduduk negara ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">3. Ayah dan ibu bolah bermaksud pemimpin
negara termasuk Perdana Menteri yang sering bercakap tentang isu-isu dan masalah
negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">4. "Mengetuk pintu rumahku?" hlm
131 bermaksud masalah telah datang ke negara kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">5. "Ambulan" boleh bermaksud
aktiviti menyelamat. Dalam konteks isu kejatuhan nilai matawang dan
menyelamatkan ekonomi negara ialah langkah menambat nilai matawang kepada suatu
nilai (contoh : RM3.80 untuk 1 dollar Amerika)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Senario isu kewangan semasa pada tahun
1998.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Malaysia pernah mengalami Krisis Kewangan
pada akhir abad ke-20 iaitu pada tahun 1997 dan 1998. Krisis ini turut dialami
beberapa negara serantau di Asia Tenggara seperti Thailand, Filipina dan
Indonesia. Kejatuhan nilai Baht di Thailand dikatakan sebagai pencetus utama
kepada permasalahan ini. Masalah ini turut menghilangkan keyakinan para pelabur
di beberapa negara Asia Tenggara seterusnya mengakibatkan pelabur-pelabur asing
di negara-negara seperti Malaysia, Indonesia dan Filipina melarikan diri.
Malaysia yang turut tidak ketinggalan merasai kesan kehilangan keyakinan para
pelabur asing dapat menanganinya dengan pelbagai campur tangan kerajaan.
Terdapat beberapa fakta menarik mengenai Malaysia semasa mengalami krisis
kewangan ini. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Kesan daripada krisis ekonomi dan kejatuhan
nilai wang yang membabitkan negara Malaysia, maka Bank Negara telah
melaksanakan satu dasar tambatan nilai matawang demi menyelamatkan negara kita
daripada terus menghadapi kejatuhan nilai ringgit. Berikut adalah cerpen yang
ditulis dalam tahun berkenaan (1998), dan perlu difahami berdasarkan senario
krisis matawang tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Cuba fahami petikan di bawah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">
Kata ayah, dia itu adalah seberkas kertas tisu, asalnya pengelap
keringat atau pencuci najis yang terletak di tandas, kemudian melayang-layang
ke seluruh dunia dengan penghargaan dan penilaian yang luar biasa melebihi emas
tulen, Angin perkembangan dunia menyebabkan dia itu berada di sini. Dia jatuh
di sini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">
"Berapakah umur dia yang jatuh itu?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">
Kata orang di sudah wujud dalam zaman tamadun Sumeria dan tamadun lemah
Sindhu, 4000-3000 tahun Sebelum Masihi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">
(Halaman 128, Permata Sastera Melayu MPM)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Ulasan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">"Dia" bermaksud helaian kertas
yang asalnnya bernilai rendah. Apabila dia diberi nilai, maka nilainya telah
meningkat melebihi nilai emas. Oleh itu adalah tidak menjadi mustahil bahawa
suatu masa, nilai yang tinggi itu akan jatuh pula termasuk di negara ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Juga baca di bawah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">
"Dia jatuh! "<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">
"Dia jatuh!"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">
Seluruh pekan kecil ini menjadi histeria. Puluhan, ratusan, ribuan,
erkejar ke tempat dia jatuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">
"Tentu dia luka parah." kata seorang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">
"Tentu dia luka parah, Tentu!"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">
"Memang dia luka parah. Panggil ambulan!"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">
Demikianlah kegemparan sepekan kecil itu pada pagi kejadian. Juga
beberapa hari kemudian. Atau berbulan-bulan kemudian. Atau bertahun-tahun
kemudian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> Kata orang, dia menghilang apabila
ambulans tiba.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">
(Halaman 131, Permata Sastera Melayu MPM)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Ulasan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Istilah ambulan bagi petikan di atas boleh
dikaitkan dengan aktiviti menyelamat. Apabila nilai matawang jatuh maka
aktiviti menyelamat pada waktu itu adalah sebagaimana yang telah dilakukan oleh
pihak Bank Negara iaitu menambat nilai ringgit pada satu nilai tertentu.
Langkah tersebut telah menyelamatkan negara daripada menghadapi kejatuhan nilai
matawang berterusan. Perkara tersebut digambarkan pada ayat Kata orang, dia
menghilang apabila ambulans tiba.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Baca pula petikan berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">"Ya Tuhan. Perteguhkan imanku. Biarlah
aku tidak terjejas oleh kejatuhan kertas tisu seharga emas itu. Ikan mencari
makan tanpa mempedulikan dia yang jatuh. Selama ini pun Engkau, ya Allah, yang
memberi rezeki, bukan dia. Perteguhkan imanku. Kaulah yang memberi rezeki itu.
Bukan dia." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">
(Halaman137, Permata Sastera Melayu MPM)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Ulasan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Gambaran petikan diatas mengukuhkan
pendapat yang mengatakan dia adalah "wang" dan nilainya yang asalnya
kertas biasa dan kemudian diberi nilai oleh manusia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Maksud Mitos:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Mitos merujuk kepada satu cerita dalam
sesebuah kebudayaan yang dianggap mempunyai kebenaran mengenai sesuatu perkara
yang pernah berlaku pada suatu masa dahulu. Ia dianggap sebagai satu
kepercayaan dan kebenaran mutlak yang dijadikan sebagai rujukan. Ia selalunya
satu dogma yang dianggap suci dan mempunyai konotasi upacara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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( Sumber wikipedia)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Mitos juga bermaksud cerita zaman dahulu yg
dianggap benar, terutamanya yg mengandungi unsur-unsur konsep atau kepercayaan
tentang sejarah awal kewujudan sesuatu suku bangsa, kejadian-kejadian alam,
dsb; 2. cerita tentang seseorang atau sesuatu yg tidak benar atau direka-reka,
dongeng; memitoskan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> (sumber
dewan bahasa dan pustaka)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Ulasan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Berdasarkan kepada dapatan di atas, maka
kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap sejenis kertas yang dianggap bernilai oleh
dianggap satu mitos. Mitos yang kononnya secekak kertas itu boleh membuatkan
seseorang itu bahgia atau sengsara. Semacam ada satu pengaruh luar biasa dan
dipercayai benar oleh sebilangan orang ramai kepada nilai wang. Cuma dalam
konteks maksud mitos cerpen ini, ia tidak wujud unsur-unsur suci pada pandangan
agama secara nyata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Tema<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Bertemakan tentang masalah ekonomi semasa
iaitu kejatuhan nilai mata wang. Manusia di dunia termasuk di negara kita
menjadi resah dan tidak menentu kerana nilai wang. Bagi mereka, kejatuhan nilai
matawang telah menyusahkan kehidupan dan ramai cuba menyalahkan pihak lain
kerana nilai wang jatuh. Seolah-olah manusia telah menjadi hamba kepada wang
dan manusia lupa bahawa pemberi rezeki adalah Allah. Manusia lupa untuk
berikhtiar mencari sumber lain bagi mendapatkan barangan dan keperluan harian
sebagaimana yang telah dilakukan oleh seekor burung ketika mencari rezeki (hlm
137).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Pemikiran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">1. Krisis matawang yang melanda telah
menyebabkan rakyat gelisah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Mitos dikaitkan dengan kepercayaan. Sesuatu
yang dipercayai benar. Ramai orang percaya kononnya sehelai kertas itu
mempunyai nilai dan ramai percaya tanpa helaian kertas itu, kita akan sengsara.
Malah ada yang menjadi leka kerananya. Jika helaian kertas itu semakin jatuh
nilainya sehingga akhirnya tidak bernilai, maka ia tidak ubah umpama nilai
secekak kertas tisu sahaja. Tisu akan dibuang di tempat longgokan sampah
apabila tidak diguanakan lagi. Harga tisu amat murah, kerana itu ia mudah
dibuang. Bayangkan jika dahulu kita mampu membeli 100 biji kuih dengan RM10 sebaliknya
kini kita hanya mampu memiliki 25 biji kuih sahaja dengan wang yang sama. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">2. Nilai matawang bukan penentu kebahagiaan
hidup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Ramai orang menjadi resah kerana kejatuhan
nilai matawang. Namun penentu kebahagiaan hidup bukan ditentukan oleh nilai
wang semata-mata. Masih banyak faktor penentu lain yang mampu membuatkan
seseorang itu bahagia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">3. Jangan menjadi hamba wang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Ramai orang percaya bahawa kejatuhan
matawang akan menyebabkan kesusahan dan hilang banyak rezeki. Mereka telah
berusaha siang malam semata-mata untuk mengumpulkan duit yang banyak. Semoga
dengan duit yang banyak akan menyelamatkan diri mereka daripada kemiskinan dan
papa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">4. Yakin dengan kekuasaan Allah yang
memberi rezeki kepada manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Sebenarnya pemberi rezeki kita adalah Allah
swt. Keyakinan kepada perkara yang lain selain Allah akan menjejaskan keimanan
kita. Mempunyai wang sememangnya penting, namun kita tidak boleh meyakini
bahawa mempunyai wang maka kita mempunyai banyak rezeki. Pengarang mengambil
contoh burung-burung yang terbang tetap memperolehi rezeki tanpa menghiraukan
kejatuhan nilai wang (secekak kertas tisu). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Bincangkan watak "dia" dalam
cerpen mitos secekak kertas tisu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">1. Dia telah ditafsirkan dengan pelbagai
maksud.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">2. Dia adalah kertas tisu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">3. Dia asalnya mempunyai nilai yang rendah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">4. Dia telah diberi nilai yang tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">5. Dia kemudianya telah jatuh nilai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">6. Dia kini sudah menghilang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">7. Dia telah membuat manusia resah gelisah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">8. Dia mempunyai sejarah yang panjang.</span></div>
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